Difference between revisions of "Yara"

Yara Netherlands
Yara Netherlands
Quick Facts
Type	Public
sector	Fertilizer
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)	Vlaardingen, Netherlands
Year of Origin	1929
Emissions (All Scopes)	3,3 Megatons of CO2 (NL, 2020)
NCI assessment	Low
Total Revenue	1.9 billion USD (2021)
Stock Exchange	Bijv. Tokio, Amsterdam
Key People	Michael Schlaug (CEO Yara Sluiskil); Gijsbrecht Gunter (Manager of External Affairs & Communication Yara Sluiskil);
Number of Employees	848 (2021)
Subsidiaries	In the Netherlands, Yara exists of Yara Sluiskil and Yara Vlaardingen.;
	v; t; e;

Latest revision as of 11:44, 13 July 2022

Yara International ASA, stylized as Yara, is a wellknown international company active in the business of fertilizers. The focus of this page is on Yara Sluiskil, a subsidiary of Yara in the Netherlands. Where accessible, data from this subsidiary is used. Where no information is available or information from the mothercompany is more relevant, this information is used.

Yara

The beginnings of Yara go back to 1905 in Norway.^[2] Currently Yara operates an integrated business model with around 17,800 employees and operations in over 60 countries.^[3] Yara claims to be the world’s leading fertilizer company and a provider of environmental solutions.^[4] Yara shares are traded at the Oslo Stock Exchange. Norwegian state owns most of the shares (36.2%). Norwegian private partners own 22.6%. The rest of the shares are primarily US or UK owned. Yara is headquartered in Oslo, Norway. In the Netherlands, Yara has plant in Sluiskil and a location in Vlaardingen.

Yara Sluiskil

In 1929 the beginnings of Yara Sluiskil were established as Compagnie Neérlandaise de l'Azote (CNA).^[5] This name changed to Nederlandse Stikstof Maatschappij (NSM) in the 60s. In 1979, the mothercompany acquired Yara Sluiskil, although the company only got this name since 2004. In 2015, Yara Sluiskil took up about 15% of the total production volume of the entire Yara company. Yara Sluiskil is the largest factory of articifial fertilizer in Northern Europe.^[6] Yara Sluiskil employs 723 people^[7] and in 2020 stated to process about 5 million tonnes of product on a yearly basis.^[6] Yara claims to have reduced its CO₂ emission from 2005 to 2015 by 60% while production increases by 1.5 million tonnes.^[8] According to the 2021 country by country report of Yara, the revenue of Yara Sluiskil was 1596 million USD and the profit before taxes is 105 millions USD.^[7]

Company Structure

Yara International

Yara is 50% owner of Yara Pilbara Nitrates Pty Ltd (Australia), 49% owner of Trinidad Nitrogen Co. Litd. (Trinidad) and 68% ownership of Yara Freeport LLC DBA Texas Ammonia (USA). ^[9] Yara has a non-controlling interest in Yara Dallol (Netherlands). ^[10]

Yara consists of a Group Executive Board (GEB) and a Board of Directors.^[3] The GEB takes charge over the day-to-day management. The responsibility for the day-to-day managements lies with the CEO. The Board of Directors has the overriding responsibility for the managements of the company. The Board also supervises the company's day-to-day management and the more general company's activities. The compositon of the Board varies from 3 till 11 members. Now there are 10, of which 4 are elected by the employees of Yara and the other 6 elected by the shareholders.

Group Executive Board^[11]
Name	Function	Remuneration x1000 USD (2021)
Svein Tore Holsether	Chief Executive Officer & President	1648
Lars Røsæg	Deputy CEO	767
Thor Giæver	Chief Financial Officer	280
Mónica Andrés Enríquez	Europe	299
Solveig Hellebust	People, Process and Digitalization	260
Pål Hestad	Global Plants & Operational Excellence	733
Fernanda Lopes Larsen	Africa & Asia	712
Chrystel Monthean	Americas	741
Kristine Ryssdal	General Counsel	691

These numbers exclude share-based remuneration and other benefits. ^[12]

Board of Directors^[11]
Name	Function	Remuneration x1000 USD (2021)
Trond Berger	Chair	90
Kimberley Lein-Mathisen	Vice-chair	47
Rune Bratteberg	Member	54
Håkon Reistad Fure	Member	54
Ragnhild Flesland Høimyr	Member	42
Øystein J. Kostøl	Member	42
Adele Bugge Norman Pran	Member	63
Geir O. Sundbø	Member	50
John Thuestad	Member	53
Brigitte Ringstad Vartdal	Member	50

These number exclude compensation in shares and dividend.^[13]

Yara Netherlands

The Yara group consists of 137 subsidiaries.^[3] Yara Nederland B.V. is the main parents to 16 of these subsidiaries. Next to that Yara Holding Netherlands B.V. is also registered in the Netherlands. ^[14] There is very limited information on the directors of the Dutch branches. Michael Schlaug is the general director of Yara Sluiskil. ^[15] Gijsbrecht Gunter is the manager of external affairs and communicaion for Yara Sluiskil. ^[16] No other information on the direction of Yara Sluiskil or Yara Netherlands can be found online.

Accountant

Deloitte is the independent auditor of Yara, both the parents company as well as most of the subsidiaries.^[3] In the independent auditor report of Deloitte, which is attached to the Annual Report 2021, there is no mentioning of climate-related risks.^[3]

Main Activities

Yara is the worlds leading fertilizer company. One of Yara's main ingredients is ammoniak. This is a very high energy-consuming production process. ^[17]

Government

The state of Norway and several Norwegian pension funds are the main shareholders of Yara International. ^[18] As far as publicly known, the Dutch government has no direct financial ties to Yara International nor Yara Netherlands. The Dutch government has influence on Yara through the environmental laws in place. The Dutch and European legislators can and already have an impact on Yara's governance through ETS (Emissions Trading System) and complimentary Dutch CO₂ taxation system.

Paris Agreement until Today

Yara International

‘’Planet’’ is weighed for 25% in the performance indicators based on which remuneration of the board executives is decided. ^[19]

Yara sees opportunities in clean ammonia. Yara wants to be a key player in the hydrogen economy. ^[20] Yara is a partner in the Science Based Targets initiative ^[21]

Yara Netherlands

Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in North-western Europe. Their main ingredient is ammoniak, of which the production costs a lot of energy. 70% of the costs of Yara Sluiskil are electricity costs.^[22] Due to the high gas prices, Yara had to cut 40% of its production at the end of 2021. This was the case for the plant in the Netherlands as well as in other countries. ^[23]

Yara Sluiskil has come from 5.8 megaton in 1990 to 3.6 megaton in 2018. 1.4 megaton is reused, so the netto emission is 2.2 megaton. In this line they have halved their emissions since 1990. However, the chemical sector is still one of the largest polluting sectors in the Netherlands. ^[24] In 2020, the bruto emissions for Yara Sluiskil were 3.3 megatonnes. Critics say Yara had taken the easy steps to get to this reduction. For example by reducing emissions of NO_x. Yara states that a lot of their emissions is reused and can therefore not be accounted to them. ^[25]

Despite Yara’s slogan ‘’Responsibly feed the world and protect the planet’’ they are high-ranking on multiple lists of large polluters. They are the fourth largest CO₂ emitter in the Netherlands with 2.5 megatonnes, number 13 on NO_x (824,000 kilo), number 2 on N₂O (824,000 kilo) and number 1 for NH₃ (504,000 kilo)(reported in 2019). ^[26]

Financial Results since 2015

Yara International

Financial situation
Year	Revenue	Profit	Dividend
2015 ^[27]	111.9 billion NOK	8.5 billion NOK	3.6 billion NOK
2016 ^[28]	97.2 billion NOK	6.3 billion NOK	4.1 billion NOK
2017 ^[29]	93.8 billion NOK	4 billion NOK	2.7 billion NOK
2018 ^[30]	13 billion USD	141 million USD	219 million USD
2019 ^[31]	12.9 billion USD	589 million USD	203 million USD
2020 ^[32]	11.7 billion USD	690 million USD	926 million USD
2021^[33]	16.6 billion USD	384 million USD	1,215 million USD

Current Emissions

Yara International

In 2021, Yara’s GHG emissions totalled 75.3 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalents (CO₂e) for scopes 1, 2, and 3 combined.^[34]

Yara makes a distinction between scope 2 location-based and market-based. In the table below, the market-based scope 2 emissions are used. The 2021 GHG emissions for scope 1 and 2 were reported to be 17.5 million tonnes. According to Yara, their scope 1 and 2 emissions have reduced with 5% since 2019. Furthermore, Yara claims to have made good progress for more than a decade in reducing the GHG emissions from their own operations (scope 1 and 2). The numbers however show an increase since 2015. This might also be explainable by increase in production, which makes the numbers difficult to compare.

Scope 3 emissions are divided by Yara in three. The first scope 3 follows category 1 and 3, which consists of the purchased fuels and raw materials. The second scope 3 follows category 4 and 9, which consist of upstream and downstream transportation. Lastly, the third scope 3 is made up of category 11 and stands for the emissions from the use of fertilizer, the product sold by Yara. As seen in the table below, this last scope 3 emissions causes the majority of GHG emissions of Yara: around 62%.^[34] Reducing their scope 1 and 2 emissions therefore has a limited impact on the total emissions.

Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO₂-eq.)
Year	Scope 1	Scope 2	Scope 3 (cat. 1&3)	Scope 3 (cat. 4&9)	Scope 3 (cat. 11)	Total
2015^[35]	12.3	0.4	not reported	not reported	not reported	x
2016^[36]	12.4	1.3	7.5	2.5	35.7	59.5
2017^[37]	15.1	0.9	11.9	2.7	34.9	65.5
2018^[38]	16.6	1	9.1	2.9	40.5	70.1
2019^[39]	17.1	1.4	9	2.9	43.8	74.2
2020^[40]	16.6	1.1	8.5	2.6	42.3	71.1
2021^[34]	16.5	1	8.6	2.6	46.6	75.3

Yara Netherlands

A lot of gas is necessary for the process of making fertilizer.^[41] With gas, hydrogen is made, which interacts with nitrogen to ammonia, following the Haver-Boschprocess. At Yara Sluiskil they use 2 billion cubic meters of gas every year. Of this amount, 80 percent is used for the process of making fertilizer. Yara Sluiskil is thus one of the biggest poluters of the Netherlands.

Yara only delivers a graph of their emissions in their Dutch sustainability report. There is no report per scope. Data from 2015 - 2018 is from a government report. Yara International reports emissions per scope, but does not specify per location so no data for Yara Netherlands can be deducted from the annual reports.

Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO₂-eq.)
Year	Scope 1	Scope 2	Scope 3	Total
2015 ^[42]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3.7
2016 ^[43]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3.7
2017 ^[44]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3.8
2018 ^[45]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3.6
2019 ^[46]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3.5
2020 ^[47]	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	3.3
2021	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

Climate Policy and Plans

Yara International

Yara's ambition, as reported in their 2021 sustainability report, is to become climate neutral by 2050.^[34] The intermediate targets to reach this goal are reducing by 2025 their carbon intensity (emissions in ton CO2e/ton N) by 10% or more relative to 2018, and reducing by 2030 their absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 30% or more relative to 2019. Furthermore, Yara is in the process of defining Science Based Targets for scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions in order to have a clear plan on how to deliver on the Paris Agreement. Regarding the high amount of emissions of scope 3, it is crucial that Yara defines targets and plans to reduce these emissions as well.

Yara claims to contribute along two main avenues: reducing greenhouse gas emissions from our own operations and offering and exploring new, sustainable solutions for farmers and food companies as well as for a clean hydrogen and ammonia-based economy. ^[48]

Yara plans to optimize energy efficiency in ammonia production, as this accounts for 80 percent of direct GHG emissions.^[49] Plan is to undertake regular interna land external benchmarking activities, and by carrying out efficiency diagnosis and audits, resulting in systematic improvement actions.

Yara aims to have all major production sites certified to ISO 50001 Energy Management standard by 2022.^[50]

Having reduced their GHG emissions by 45% since 2005, Yara claims to be well-positioned to meet the EU 55% reduction target.^[51]

Yara Netherlands

According to Gijsbrecht Gunter, manager of external affairs and communicaion, Yara Sluiskil would welcome with open arms an alternative to gas.^[41] This would bring back their CO2 emissions and would reduce their dependence on Russian gas.

Yara has developed a climate roadmap to reduce net-emissions from 1.9 megaton (2020) to 0.7 megaton in 2030. Projects in this roadmap are reducing the rest of NO_x emissions, reuse of heat, replacing gas turbines with electrical turbines, differentiating steam and electricity balance in factories, capture and making CO₂ liquid to store in empty gas fields. Yara also wants to use more CO₂ in their endproducts. ^[52]

The climate roadmap has three main tracks:^[53]

Track 1: Change and renew existing installations (-0.5 megaton)
Track 2: Carbon capture and Storage (CCS) (-0.7 megaton)
Track 3: Green Hydrogen (-0.1 megaton)

Yara Sluiskil plans to reduce emissions to zero by 2050. ^[54]

Yara Sluiskil claims to have reduced their CO₂ footprint by 60% from 2005 to 2015, while increasing production by 1.5 million tonnes. ^[55] In cooperation with Zeeland Seaports, Yara delivers CO₂ and heat to greenhouses in the proximity. Yara claims to reduce emissions by 0.135 Mtonnes by doing so ^[56] Current emissions are around 1.9 megatonnes netto, of which 1.4 mtonnes is Carbon Capture and Storage. Bruto GHG emissions are around 3.4 mtonnes. ^[57]

Yara claims the unrendable top of investment until 2030 is 1.5 billion euro’s. The price of prevented CO₂ emissions per ton would be 60-80 euro’s. Yara claims this is a small price in comparison to for example the price of electrical vehicles. Yara also claims that their production is up to four times as efficient as Chinese producers and therefore they need help to become more sustainable ^[58]

NewClimate Institute (NCI) Report

Due Diligence

Keep the broader context in mind. Is the company integer when it comes to deforestation, palm oil, biodiversity, human rights etc etc? Be critical in the sources used here.

Scandals and controversies

Yara International is a partner of Belaruskali – one of the largest fertilizer producers in the world, and also one of the largest companies owned by the Belarusian government.^[59] Since this partnership presumably funds a dictatorship, Yara has been accused of violating human rights.

Conclusion

The Dutch branch of Yara is part of a large, influential global fertilizing company. The dutch branch of Yara makes up for a fair share of Yara’s total production and the production of fertilizers in general. Profit margins of the dutch production are small, but the mothercompany is financially healthy. Yara has reduces emissions since 1990 with nearly 60%, but is still one of the larger polluters in the Netherlands. Yara relies mainly on technological solutions and reuse of CO₂ to reduce their emissions. The targets are in line with the Paris Agreement. Recent years however emissions only reduced slightly so reasonable effort is needed and expected to reduce emissions further.

References

↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/
↑ Yara. (n.d). History. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 on https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/our-history/
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↑ Yara Sluiskil. (2022). Climate Roadmap 2030.
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↑ Yara. (2016). Yara GRI Reporting 2015. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2016/
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↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 Meelker, E. & Ariëns, H. (2022, May 4). Poetin zet ook de Nederlandse boer het mes op de keel. Follow the Money. Retrieved from https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/kunstmest-gasprijs-poetin-1?share=15WQNhIKs1unvZUprYcrGXC8vvIIjeMfI9Jwx2L2D9TnI1ODgmq6t7y1Wun4tZY%3D
↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12
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↑ Rasin, L. (2021, May 31). Belarus opposition to Norway’s Yara: “Building a business on blood is not allowed in the 21st century”. Norway Today. Retrieved from https://norwaytoday.info/news/belarus-opposition-to-norways-yara-building-a-business-on-blood-is-not-allowed-in-the-21st-century/

[1] ttps://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/

[2] Yara. (n.d). History. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 on https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/our-history/

[:12-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/

[4] ttps://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/

[5] Yara Sluiskil. (2022). Climate Roadmap 2030.

[:02-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Yara Sluiskil. (n.d.) Duurzaamheidsmagazine 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022, from https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/downloads/

[:2-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Yara. (n.d.) Yara Country-by-Country Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/

[8] ttps://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/

[9] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 155

[10] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 167

[:3-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Yara. (n.d.) Yara Executive Remuneration Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/

[12] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 203

[13] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 201

[14] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 213

[15] ttps://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3

[16] ttps://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 20

[17] ttps://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/

[18] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 70

[19] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 87

[20] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 28

[21] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 35

[22] ttps://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/

[23] ttps://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/14024045/yara-vermindert-ammoniakproductie-het-gas-is-onbetaalbaar

[24] ttps://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/

[25] ttps://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/

[26] ttps://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer

[27] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2015/yara-annual-report-2015.pdf/

[28] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2016/yara_annual_report_en_web.pdf/

[29] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2017/yara-annual-report-2017-web.pdf/

[30] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2018/yara-annual-report-2018-web.pdf/

[31] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2019/yara-annual-report-2019-web.pdf/

[32] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/

[:1-33] Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/

[:0-34] 34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 ^34.3 Yara. (2022). Yara Sustainability Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/

[35] Yara. (2016). Yara GRI Reporting 2015. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2016/

[36] Yara. (2017) Yara's GRI Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2017/

[37] Yara. (2018). Yara GRI Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2018/

[38] Yara. (2019). Yara GRI Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2019/

[39] Yara. (2020). Yara GRI Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2020/

[40] Yara. (n.d.) Yara Sustainability Report 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2021/

[:4-41] 41.0 ^41.1 Meelker, E. & Ariëns, H. (2022, May 4). Poetin zet ook de Nederlandse boer het mes op de keel. Follow the Money. Retrieved from https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/kunstmest-gasprijs-poetin-1?share=15WQNhIKs1unvZUprYcrGXC8vvIIjeMfI9Jwx2L2D9TnI1ODgmq6t7y1Wun4tZY%3D

[42] ttps://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12

[43] ttps://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12

[44] ttps://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf

[45] ttps://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf

[46] ttps://www.yara.nl/siteassets/2200997-duurzaamheidsverslag.pdf/ p. 5

[47] ttps://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/

[48] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 53

[49] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57

[50] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57

[51] ttps://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 93

[52] ttps://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/

[53] ttps://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3

[54] ttps://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4

[55] ttps://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/

[56] ttps://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/

[57] ttps://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4

[58] ttps://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/

[59] Rasin, L. (2021, May 31). Belarus opposition to Norway’s Yara: “Building a business on blood is not allowed in the 21st century”. Norway Today. Retrieved from https://norwaytoday.info/news/belarus-opposition-to-norways-yara-building-a-business-on-blood-is-not-allowed-in-the-21st-century/

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Difference between revisions of "Yara"

Latest revision as of 11:44, 13 July 2022

Contents

Company Structure

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

Accountant

Main Activities

Government

Paris Agreement until Today

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

Financial Results since 2015

Current Emissions

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

Climate Policy and Plans

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

NewClimate Institute (NCI) Report

Due Diligence

Due Diligence

Scandals and controversies

Conclusion

References

Navigation menu

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
   |subheaderstyle =
   |title        =
-  |above        = Yara
+  |above        = Yara Netherlands
   |subheader    =
   |subheader2   =
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
      | title =
      | label6= Emissions (All Scopes)
-     | data6 = 3,3 Megatons of CO2 (NL, 2020)
+     | data6 = 3,3 Megatons of CO<sub>2</sub> (NL, 2020)
      | title =
+    | label7= NCI assessment
+    | data7 = Low
      | title =
-     | label7= Net Income
+     | label8= Total Revenue
-     | data7 = USD$ 1,028 billion  (2020)
+     | data8 = 1.9 billion USD (2021)
-     | label8= Key People
+     | label9= Stock Exchange
-     | data8 =
+    | data9 = Bijv. Tokio, Amsterdam
+    | label10= Key People
+     | data10 =
 * Michael Schlaug (CEO Yara Sluiskil)
 * Gijsbrecht Gunter (Manager of External Affairs & Communication Yara Sluiskil)
      | title =
-     | label9= Subsidiaries
+     | label11= Number of Employees
-     | data9 = {{plainlist|
+    | data11 = 848 (2021)
+    | label12= Subsidiaries
+     | data12 = {{plainlist|
 * In the Netherlands, Yara exists of Yara Sluiskil and Yara Vlaardingen.
 }}
@@ Line 56: / Line 62: @@
 }}
-===Yara===
+'''Yara International ASA''', stylized as '''Yara''', is a wellknown international company active in the business of fertilizers. The focus of this page is on '''Yara Sluiskil''', a subsidiary of Yara in the Netherlands. Where accessible, data from this subsidiary is used. Where no information is available or information from the mothercompany is more relevant, this information is used.
-Yara is a wellknown international company active in the business of fertilizers. The focus of this page is the Dutch branch of Yara. In the Netherlands, Yara is located in Sluiskil and in Vlaardingen. Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in North-western Europe, and in Vlaardingen Yara mainly produces soluble fertilizers, potting soil fertilizers and liquid fertilizers. Where accessible, data from the Dutch locations is used. Where no information is available or information from the mothercompany is more relevant, this information is used. The facts on the right of the page are based on information from the Dutch plants only.
-====Yara International====
+'''Yara'''
-'''Yara''', stylized as '''Yara''', was founded in 1905 and currently operating an integrated business model with around 17000 employees and operations in over 60 countries. Yara claims to be the world’s leading fertilizer company and a provider of environmental solutions. <ref>https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/</ref> In 2020, Yara’s reported revenu was 11,6 billion USD. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 3</ref> Operating income was 1,1 billion USD. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 60</ref> Net income was 690 million USD. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 11</ref> Effective tax rate was 19%. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 62 </ref> Yara shares are traded at the Oslo Stock Exchange. Norwegian state owns most of the shares (36,2%). Norwegian private partners own 23,9%. The rest of the shares are primarily US or UK owned. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 70</ref> Yara is headquartered in Oslo, Norway. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 101</ref> Yara’s balance sheet value was 16605 million in 2020. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 114</ref>
-====Yara Netherlands====
+The beginnings of Yara go back to 1905 in Norway.<ref>Yara. (n.d). History. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 on https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/our-history/</ref> Currently Yara operates an integrated business model with around 17,800 employees and operations in over 60 countries.<ref name=":12">Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/</ref> Yara claims to be the world’s leading fertilizer company and a provider of environmental solutions.<ref>https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/</ref> Yara shares are traded at the Oslo Stock Exchange. Norwegian state owns most of the shares (36.2%). Norwegian private partners own 22.6%. The rest of the shares are primarily US or UK owned. Yara is headquartered in Oslo, Norway. In the Netherlands, Yara has plant in Sluiskil and a location in Vlaardingen.
-Yara has a plant in Sluiskil and a location in Vlaardingen.
-Yara Sluiskil has been active since 1929 when it started producing ammoniumsulphate. Yara Sluiskil takes up about 15% of the total production volume of the entire Yara company. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/siteassets/over-yara/sluiskil/yara-sluiskil-general-presentation.pdf/</ref> Yara Sluiskil employs 666 people and processes about 5 million tonnes of product on a yearly basis. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 2</ref> Yara claims to have reduced its CO2 emission from 2005 to 2015 by 60% while production increases by 1,5 million tonnes. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/</ref> Yara Sluiskil is the largest factory of articifial fertilizer in Northern Europe. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3</ref> According to the country by country report of Yara, the revenu of the different branches in the Netherlands was combined 1,028 billion USD. Profit before taxes is 2,136 billion USD. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-country-by-country-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 6</ref> The profit is twice the revenu. Suspected is some tax structures are applied here.  Yara Sluiskil makes a revenu of 835 million USD, profit before taxes is 141 million USD. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-country-by-country-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 6</ref> These numbers deviate largely from the numbers circulating in the press. De Groene Amsterdammer published in 2018 that Yara Sluiskil had a revenue of 730 million EUR with a profit of only 33 million EUR. <ref>https://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer</ref>
+'''Yara Sluiskil'''
-Yara Vlaardingen produces water soluble fertilizers, potting soil fertilizers and liquid fertilizers targeting the fertigation segment. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-vlaardingen/</ref> Also the marketing offices and commercial teams are located in Vlaardingen. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/</ref> Information on Yara Vlaardingen is very limited. There is no information available about remuneration of the direction or balance sheet value of Yara Netherlands.
+In 1929 the beginnings of Yara Sluiskil were established as Compagnie Neérlandaise de l'Azote (CNA).<ref>Yara Sluiskil. (2022). Climate Roadmap 2030. </ref> This name changed to Nederlandse Stikstof Maatschappij (NSM) in the 60s. In 1979, the mothercompany acquired Yara Sluiskil, although the company only got this name since 2004. In 2015, Yara Sluiskil took up about 15% of the total production volume of the entire Yara company. Yara Sluiskil is the largest factory of articifial fertilizer in Northern Europe.<ref name=":02">Yara Sluiskil. (n.d.) Duurzaamheidsmagazine 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022, from https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/downloads/</ref> Yara Sluiskil employs 723 people<ref name=":2">Yara. (n.d.) Yara Country-by-Country Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/</ref> and in 2020 stated to process about 5 million tonnes of product on a yearly basis.<ref name=":02" /> Yara claims to have reduced its CO<sub>2</sub> emission from 2005 to 2015 by 60% while production increases by 1.5 million tonnes.<ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/</ref> According to the 2021 country by country report of Yara, the revenue of Yara Sluiskil was 1596 million USD and the profit before taxes is 105 millions USD.<ref name=":2" />
 ==Company Structure ==
@@ Line 74: / Line 76: @@
 Yara is 50% owner of Yara Pilbara  Nitrates Pty Ltd (Australia), 49% owner of Trinidad Nitrogen Co. Litd. (Trinidad) and 68% ownership of Yara Freeport LLC DBA Texas Ammonia (USA). <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 155</ref> Yara has a non-controlling interest in Yara Dallol (Netherlands). <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 167</ref>
-====Yara Netherlands====
+Yara consists of a Group Executive Board (GEB) and a Board of Directors.<ref name=":12" /> The GEB takes charge over the day-to-day management. The responsibility for the day-to-day managements lies with the CEO. The Board of Directors has the overriding responsibility for the managements of the company. The Board also supervises the company's day-to-day management and the more general company's activities. The compositon of the Board varies from 3 till 11 members. Now there are 10, of which 4 are elected by the employees of Yara and the other 6 elected by the shareholders.
-The Yara group consists of 127 legal entities <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 211</ref> Yara Nederland B.V. is the main parents to 15 of these legal entities. Next to that Yara Holding Netherlands B.V. is also registered in the Netherlands. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 213</ref>
-The information below on board of directors and supervisory board is all data from the mothercompany. There is very limited information on the directors of the Dutch branches.
-==== Board of Directors Yara International====
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Yara Group Executive Board
+|+Group Executive Board<ref name=":3" />
 !Name
 !Function
-!Remuneration x1000 EUR
+!Remuneration x1000 USD (2021)
 |-
 |Svein Tore Holsether
 |Chief Executive Officer & President
-|720
+|1648
+|-
+|Lars Røsæg
+|Deputy CEO
+|767
+|-
+|Thor Giæver
+|Chief Financial Officer
+|280
 |-
-|Tove Anderson
+|Mónica Andrés Enríquez
 |Europe
-|378
+|299
+|-
+|Solveig Hellebust
+|People, Process and Digitalization
+|260
 |-
 |Pål Hestad
 |Global Plants & Operational Excellence
-|187
+|733
 |-
-|Lars Røsæg
+|Fernanda Lopes Larsen
-|Chief Financial Officer
+|Africa & Asia
-|187
+|712
-|-
-|Kristine Ryssdal
-|Legal & HR
-|350
-|-
-|Terje Knutsen
-|Farming Solutions
-|355
-|-
-|Pablo Barrera Lopez
-|Communication & Procurement
-|350
 |-
 |Chrystel Monthean
 |Americas
-|193
+|741
 |-
-|Fernanda Lopes Larsen
+|Kristine Ryssdal
-|Africa & Asia
+|General Counsel
-|80
+|691
 |}
 These numbers exclude share-based remuneration and other benefits. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 203</ref>
-====Yara International Board of Directors====
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Yara Board of Directors
+|+Board of Directors<ref name=":3">Yara. (n.d.) Yara Executive Remuneration Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/</ref>
 !Name
 !Function
-!Remuneration x1000 EUR
+!Remuneration x1000 USD (2021)
 |-
 |Trond Berger
 |Chair
-|773
+|90
 |-
 |Kimberley Lein-Mathisen
 |Vice-chair
-|40
+|47
 |-
 |Rune Bratteberg
 |Member
-|48
+|54
 |-
 |Håkon Reistad Fure
 |Member
-|44
+|54
 |-
 |Ragnhild Flesland Høimyr
 |Member
-|24
+|42
 |-
 |Øystein J. Kostøl
 |Member
-|24
+|42
 |-
 |Adele Bugge Norman Pran
 |Member
-|53
+|63
 |-
 |Geir O. Sundbø
 |Member
-|44
+|50
 |-
 |John Thuestad
 |Member
-|56
+|53
 |-
 |Brigitte Ringstad Vartdal
 |Member
-|29
+|50
 |-
 |}
-These number exclude compensation in shares and dividend. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 201</ref>
+These number exclude compensation in shares and dividend.<ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 201</ref>
 ====Yara Netherlands====
-Michael Schlaug is the general director of Yara Sluiskil. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3</ref> Gijsbrecht Gunter is the manager of external affairs and communicaion for Yara Sluiskil. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 20</ref> No other information on the direction of Yara Sluiskil or Yara Netherlands can be found online.
+The Yara group consists of 137 subsidiaries.<ref name=":12" /> Yara Nederland B.V. is the main parents to 16 of these subsidiaries. Next to that Yara Holding Netherlands B.V. is also registered in the Netherlands. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 213</ref> There is very limited information on the directors of the Dutch branches. Michael Schlaug is the general director of Yara Sluiskil. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3</ref> Gijsbrecht Gunter is the manager of external affairs and communicaion for Yara Sluiskil. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 20</ref> No other information on the direction of Yara Sluiskil or Yara Netherlands can be found online.
-==== Accountant ====
+=== Accountant ===
-Deloitte is the independent auditor of Yara, both the parents company as well as most of the subsidiaries. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 210</ref>
+Deloitte is the independent auditor of Yara, both the parents company as well as most of the subsidiaries.<ref name=":12" /> In the independent auditor report of Deloitte, which is attached to the Annual Report 2021, there is no mentioning of climate-related risks.<ref name=":12" />
-==== Main Activities ====
+=== Main Activities ===
 Yara is the worlds leading fertilizer company. One of Yara's main ingredients is ammoniak. This is a very high energy-consuming production process. <ref>https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/</ref>
-====Government====
+===Government===
-To what extent can the government influence company policy? (shareholder, licensing authority, client etc.) Has company received NOW support or royal status?
+The state of Norway and several Norwegian pension funds are the main shareholders of Yara International. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 70 </ref> As far as publicly known, the Dutch government has no direct financial ties to Yara International nor Yara Netherlands. The Dutch government has influence on Yara through the environmental laws in place. The Dutch and European legislators can and already have an impact on Yara's governance through ETS (Emissions Trading System) and complimentary Dutch CO<sub>2</sub> taxation system.
+== Paris Agreement until Today ==
-The state of Norway and several norwegian pensionfunds are the main shareholders of Yara International. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 70 </ref> As far as publicly known, the Dutch government has no direct financial ties to Yara International nor Yara Netherlands. The Dutch government has influence on Yara throught the environmental laws in place. The Dutch and European legislators can and already have an impact on Yara's governance through the ETS system and complimentary Dutch CO2 taxation system.
+=== Yara International ===
+‘’Planet’’ is weighed for 25% in the performance indicators based on which remuneration of the board executives is decided. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 87</ref>
-== Paris Agreement to Today ==
+Yara sees opportunities in clean ammonia. Yara wants to be a key player in the hydrogen economy. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 28</ref> Yara is a partner in the Science Based Targets initiative <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 35 </ref>
-What has company done or refused to do since the Climate Accord of Paris?
-Per company, where applicable refer to research on the benefits of fossil companies in the form of subisidies etc.
+=== Yara Netherlands ===
+Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in North-western Europe. Their main ingredient is ammoniak, of which the production costs a lot of energy. 70% of the costs of Yara Sluiskil are electricity costs.<ref>https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/</ref> Due to the high gas prices, Yara had to cut 40% of its production at the end of 2021. This was the case for the plant in the Netherlands as well as in other countries. <ref>https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/14024045/yara-vermindert-ammoniakproductie-het-gas-is-onbetaalbaar</ref>
+Yara Sluiskil has come from 5.8 megaton in 1990 to 3.6 megaton in 2018. 1.4 megaton is reused, so the netto emission is 2.2 megaton. In this line they have halved their emissions since 1990. However, the chemical sector is still one of the largest polluting sectors in the Netherlands. <ref>https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/</ref> In 2020, the bruto emissions for Yara Sluiskil were 3.3 megatonnes. Critics say Yara had taken the easy steps to get to this reduction. For example by reducing emissions of NO<sub>x</sub>. Yara states that a lot of their emissions is reused and can therefore not be accounted to them. <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/</ref>
+Despite Yara’s slogan ‘’Responsibly feed the world and protect the planet’’ they are high-ranking on multiple lists of large polluters. They are the fourth largest CO<sub>2</sub> emitter in the Netherlands with 2.5 megatonnes, number 13 on NO<sub>x</sub> (824,000 kilo), number 2 on N<sub>2</sub>O (824,000 kilo) and number 1 for NH<sub>3</sub> (504,000 kilo)(reported in 2019). <ref>https://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer</ref>
 === Financial Results since 2015 ===
-This tabel is meant to indicate that the companies have plenty of money to make their company more sustainable. Clearly distinguish between Dutch data and international data.
+'''Yara International'''
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 203: / Line 206: @@
 |-
 |2015 <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2015/yara-annual-report-2015.pdf/</ref>
-|111,897 billion NOK
+|111.9 billion NOK
-|8,435 billion NOK
+|8.5 billion NOK
-|3,581 billion NOK
+|3.6 billion NOK
 |-
 |2016 <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2016/yara_annual_report_en_web.pdf/</ref>
-|97,170 billion NOK
+|97.2 billion NOK
-|6,322 billion NOK
+|6.3 billion NOK
-|4,108 billion NOK
+|4.1 billion NOK
 |-
-|2017 <REF>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2017/yara-annual-report-2017-web.pdf/</REF>
+|2017 <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2017/yara-annual-report-2017-web.pdf/</ref>
-|93,812 billion NOK
+|93.8 billion NOK
-|3,988 billion NOK
+|4 billion NOK
-|2,703 billion NOK
+|2.7 billion NOK
 |-
 |2018 <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2018/yara-annual-report-2018-web.pdf/</ref>
-|13,054 billion EUR
+|13 billion USD
-|141 million EUR
+|141 million USD
-|219 million EUR
+|219 million USD
 |-
 |2019 <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2019/yara-annual-report-2019-web.pdf/</ref>
-|12,936 billion EUR
+|12.9 billion USD
-|589 million EUR
+|589 million USD
-|203 million EUR
+|203 million USD
 |-
 |2020 <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/</ref>
-|11,728 million EUR
+|11.7 billion USD
-|690 million EUR
+|690 million USD
-|926 million EUR
+|926 million USD
 |-
-|2021 (no annual report published yet)
+|2021<ref name=":1">Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/</ref>
-|XXX Billion EUR
+|16.6 billion USD
-|XXX EUR
+|384 million USD
-|XXX EUR
+|1,215 million USD
 |}
-====Scandals and controversies====
-Any dirt on the companies can be added here.
 == Current Emissions ==
 === Yara International===
-‘’Planet’’ is weighed for 25% in the performance indicators based on which remuneration of the board executives is decided. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 87</ref>
+In 2021, Yara’s GHG emissions totalled 75.3 million tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalents (CO<sub>2</sub>e) for scopes 1, 2, and 3 combined.<ref name=":0" />
-Yara is well positioned to meet is reduction target of 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Yara has the ambition to reduce scope 1 & 2 emissions by 30% in 2030. For scope 3 emissions, Yara awaits a sectoral approach for the entire industry. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 21</ref>
+Yara makes a distinction between scope 2 location-based and market-based. In the table below, the market-based scope 2 emissions are used. The 2021 GHG emissions for scope 1 and 2 were reported to be 17.5 million tonnes. According to Yara, their scope 1 and 2 emissions have reduced with 5% since 2019. Furthermore, Yara claims to have made good progress for more than a decade in reducing the GHG emissions from their own operations (scope 1 and 2). The numbers however show an increase since 2015. This might also be explainable by increase in production, which makes the numbers difficult to compare.
-Yara sees opportunities in clean ammonia. Yara wants to be a key player in the hydrogen economy. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 28</ref> Yara is a partner in the Science Based Targets initiative <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 35 </ref>
+Scope 3 emissions are divided by Yara in three. The first scope 3 follows category 1 and 3, which consists of the purchased fuels and raw materials. The second scope 3 follows category 4 and 9, which consist of upstream and downstream transportation. Lastly, the third scope 3 is made up of category 11 and stands for the emissions from the use of fertilizer, the product sold by Yara. As seen in the table below, this last scope 3 emissions causes the majority of GHG emissions of Yara: around 62%.<ref name=":0" /> Reducing their scope 1 and 2 emissions therefore has a limited impact on the total emissions.
-Yara’s emissions worlwide for scope 1 & 2 are reported at 17,7 million tonnes. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 3</ref>
+{| class="wikitable"
-Yara has the ambition to become climate neutral by 2050. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 21</ref>
+|+Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq.)
-tonnes CO2 reduction. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 3</ref> In 2020, Yara’s GHG emissions totalled 71.1 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) for scopes 1, 2, and 3 combined. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 55</ref>
+|Year
+!Scope 1
+!Scope 2
+!Scope 3 (cat. 1&3)
+!Scope 3 (cat. 4&9)
+!Scope 3 (cat. 11)
+!Total
+|-
+|2015<ref>Yara. (2016). Yara GRI Reporting 2015. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2016/</ref>
+|12.3
+|0.4
+|not reported
+|not reported
+|not reported
+|x
+|-
+|2016<ref>Yara. (2017) Yara's GRI Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2017/</ref>
+|12.4
+|1.3
+|7.5
+|2.5
+|35.7
+|59.5
+|-
+|2017<ref>Yara. (2018). Yara GRI Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2018/</ref>
+|15.1
+|0.9
+|11.9
+|2.7
+|34.9
+|65.5
+|-
+|2018<ref>Yara. (2019). Yara GRI Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2019/</ref>
+|16.6
+|1
+|9.1
+|2.9
+|40.5
+|70.1
+|-
+|2019<ref>Yara. (2020). Yara GRI Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2020/</ref>
+|17.1
+|1.4
+|9
+|2.9
+|43.8
+|74.2
+|-
+|2020<ref>Yara. (n.d.) Yara Sustainability Report 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2021/</ref>
+|16.6
+|1.1
+|8.5
+|2.6
+|42.3
+|71.1
+|-
+|2021<ref name=":0" />
+|16.5
+|1
+|8.6
+|2.6
+|46.6
+|75.3
+|-
+|}
 === Yara Netherlands ===
-Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in nort-western Europe. Their main ingredient is ammoniak, of which the production costs a lot of energy. 70& of the costs of Yara Sluiskil are electricity costs. <ref>https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/</ref> Due to the high gas prices, Yara had to cut 40% of its production at the end of 2021. This was the case for the plant in the Netherlands as well as in other countries. <ref>https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/14024045/yara-vermindert-ammoniakproductie-het-gas-is-onbetaalbaar</ref>
+A lot of gas is necessary for the process of making fertilizer.<ref name=":4">Meelker, E. & Ariëns, H. (2022, May 4). Poetin zet ook de Nederlandse boer het mes op de keel. Follow the Money. Retrieved from https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/kunstmest-gasprijs-poetin-1?share=15WQNhIKs1unvZUprYcrGXC8vvIIjeMfI9Jwx2L2D9TnI1ODgmq6t7y1Wun4tZY%3D</ref> With gas, hydrogen is made, which interacts with nitrogen to ammonia, following the Haver-Boschprocess. At Yara Sluiskil they use 2 billion cubic meters of gas every year. Of this amount, 80 percent is used for the process of making fertilizer. Yara Sluiskil is thus one of the biggest poluters of the Netherlands.
-Yara Sluiskil has come from 5,8 megaton in 1990 to 3,6 megaton in 2018. 1,4 megaton is reused, so the netto emission is 2,2 megaton. In this line they have halved their emissions since 1990. However, the chemical sector is still one of the largest polluting sectors in the Netherlands. <ref>https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/</ref> In 2020, the bruto emissions for Yara Sluiskil were 3,3 megatonnes. Critics say Yara had taken the easy steps to get tot his reduction. For example by reducing emissions of NOx. Yara states that a lot of their emissions is reused and can therefore not be accounted to them. <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/</ref>
+Yara only delivers a graph of their emissions in their Dutch sustainability report. There is no report per scope. Data from 2015 - 2018 is from a government report. Yara International reports emissions per scope, but does not specify per location so no data for Yara Netherlands can be deducted from the annual reports.
-Despite Yara’s slogan ‘’Responsibly feed the world and protect the planet’’ they are high-ranking on multiple lists of large polluters. They are the fourth largest CO2 emitter in the Netherlands with 2,5 megatonnes, number 13 on NOx (824000 kilo’s), number 2 on N2O (824000 kilo’s) and number 1 for NH3 (504000 kilo’s). <ref>https://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO2-eq.)
+|+Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO<sub>2</sub>-eq.)
 |Year
 !Scope 1
@@ Line 273: / Line 335: @@
 |Unknown
 |Unknown
-|3,762
+|3.7
 |-
 |2016 <ref>https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12</ref>
@@ Line 279: / Line 341: @@
 |Unknown
 |Unknown
-|3,729
+|3.7
 |-
 |2017 <ref>https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 285: / Line 347: @@
 |Unknown
 |Unknown
-|3,828
+|3.8
 |-
 |2018 <ref>https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 291: / Line 353: @@
 |Unknown
 |Unknown
-|3,607
+|3.6
 |-
 |2019 <ref>https://www.yara.nl/siteassets/2200997-duurzaamheidsverslag.pdf/ p. 5</ref>
@@ Line 297: / Line 359: @@
 |Unknown
 |Unknown
-|3,5
+|3.5
 |-
 |2020 <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/ </ref>
 |Unknown
-|Unknwon
+|Unknown
 |Unknown
-|3,3
+|3.3
 |-
-|2021 (No report published yet)
+|2021
-|XXX
+|n/a
-|XXX
+|n/a
-|XXX
+|n/a
-|XXX
+|n/a
 |-
 |}
-Yara only delivers a graph of their emissions in their Dutch sustainability report. There is no report per scope. Data from 2015 - 2018 is from a government report. Yara International reports emissions per scope, but does not specify per location so no data for Yara Netherlands can be deducted from the annual reports.
+== Climate Policy and Plans ==
-== Climate Policy and Plans ==
+===Yara International===
-Description of the climate plans of the company, with special focus on the goals for 2030 and 2050. Make sure to include the baseyear for their targets. Do the goals take the entire company and all scopes into account?
+Yara's ambition, as reported in their 2021 sustainability report, is to become climate neutral by 2050.<ref name=":0">Yara. (2022). Yara Sustainability Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/</ref> The intermediate targets to reach this goal are reducing by 2025 their carbon intensity (emissions in ton CO2e/ton N) by 10% or more relative to 2018, and reducing by 2030 their absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 30% or more relative to 2019. Furthermore, Yara is in the process of defining Science Based Targets for scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions in order to have a clear plan on how to deliver on the Paris Agreement. Regarding the high amount of emissions of scope 3, it is crucial that Yara defines targets and plans to reduce these emissions as well.
-===Yara international===
+Yara claims to contribute along two main avenues: reducing greenhouse gas emissions from our own operations and offering and exploring new, sustainable solutions for farmers and food companies as well as for a clean hydrogen and ammonia-based economy. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 53</ref>
-Our ambition is to become climate neutral by 2050, and to reach a milestone of a 30% reduction in our scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2030. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 17</ref> The strategic pillars to reach these goals are accelerating operational excellence and expanding commercial reach and offering <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 16 </ref> Yara plans to increase energy efficiency and reduce GHG emission intensity. However, subisdiaries and daughter companies are left out of these goals <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 19</ref>
-We are contributing along two main avenues: reducing greenhouse gas emissions from our own operations, and offering and exploring new, sustainable solutions for farmers and food companies as well as for a clean hydrogen and ammonia-based economy. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 53</ref>
+Yara plans to optimize energy efficiency in ammonia production, as this accounts for 80 percent of direct GHG emissions.<ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57</ref> Plan is to undertake regular interna land external benchmarking activities, and by carrying out efficiency diagnosis and audits, resulting in systematic improvement actions.
-Performance measures for the climate goals of Yara are increasing the amount of hectares under management to 150 million (2025), reduction of GHG emissions intensity to 2,7 ton CO2 per tonne nitrogen(2025), reduce absolute scope 1 and 2 emission by 30 percent in 2030, reduce energy intensiy (2023). <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 54</ref>
+Yara aims to have all major production sites certified to ISO 50001 Energy Management standard by 2022.<ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57</ref>
-Yara plans to optimize energy efficiency in ammonia production, as this accounts for 80 percent of direct GHG emissions. Plan is to undertake regular interna land external benchmarking activities, and by carrying out efficiency diagnosis and audits, resulting in systematic improvement actions. However, benchmarks have proven that Yara’s plans are already 2.o percentage points better dan the 2016-2017 global average. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57</ref>
+Having reduced their GHG emissions by 45% since 2005, Yara claims to be well-positioned to meet the EU 55% reduction target.<ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 93</ref>
-Yara aims to have all major production sites certified to ISO 500001 Energy Management stadard by 2022. <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57</ref>.
+=== Yara Netherlands ===
+According to Gijsbrecht Gunter, manager of external affairs and communicaion, Yara Sluiskil would welcome with open arms an alternative to gas.<ref name=":4" /> This would bring back their CO2 emissions and would reduce their dependence on Russian gas.
-Having reduced our GHG emissions by 45% since 2005, we are well-positioned to meet the EU 55% reduction target <ref>https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 93</ref>
+Yara has developed a climate roadmap to reduce net-emissions from 1.9 megaton (2020) to 0.7 megaton in 2030. Projects in this roadmap are reducing the rest of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, reuse of heat, replacing gas turbines with electrical turbines, differentiating steam and electricity balance in factories, capture and making CO<sub>2</sub> liquid to store in empty gas fields. Yara also wants to use more CO<sub>2</sub> in their endproducts. <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/</ref>
-=== Yara Netherlands ===
-Yara has developed a climate roadmap to reduce net-emissions from 1,9 megaton (2020) to 0,7 megaton in 2030. Projects in this roadmap are reducing the rest of NOx emissions, reuse of heat, replacing gas turbines with electrical turbines, differentiating steam and electricity balance in factories, capture and making CO2 liquid to store in empty gas fields. Yara also wants to use more CO2 in their endproducts. <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/</ref>
 The climate roadmap has three main tracks:<ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3</ref>
-* Track 1: Change and renew existing installations (-0,5 megaton)
+* Track 1: Change and renew existing installations (-0.5 megaton)
-* Track 2: Carbon capture and Storage (CCS) (-0,7 megaton)
+* Track 2: Carbon capture and Storage (CCS) (-0.7 megaton)
-* Track 3: Green Hydrogen (-0,1 megaton)
+* Track 3: Green Hydrogen (-0.1 megaton)
 Yara Sluiskil plans to reduce emissions to zero by 2050. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4</ref>
-Yara Sluiskil claims to have reduced their CO2 footprint by 60% from 2005 to 2015, while increasing production by 1,5 million tonnes. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/</ref> In cooperation with Zeeland Seaports, Yara delivers CO2 and heat to greenhouses in the proximity. Yara claims to reduce emissions by 0,135 Mtonnes by doing so <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/</ref> Current emissions are around 1,9 megatonnes netto, of which 1,4 mtonnes is Carbon Capture and Storage. Bruto GHG emissions are around 3,4 mtonnes. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4</ref>
+Yara Sluiskil claims to have reduced their CO<sub>2</sub> footprint by 60% from 2005 to 2015, while increasing production by 1.5 million tonnes. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/</ref> In cooperation with Zeeland Seaports, Yara delivers CO<sub>2</sub> and heat to greenhouses in the proximity. Yara claims to reduce emissions by 0.135 Mtonnes by doing so <ref>https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/</ref> Current emissions are around 1.9 megatonnes netto, of which 1.4 mtonnes is Carbon Capture and Storage. Bruto GHG emissions are around 3.4 mtonnes. <ref>https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4</ref>
+Yara claims the unrendable top of investment until 2030 is 1.5 billion euro’s. The price of prevented CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per ton would be 60-80 euro’s. Yara claims this is a small price in comparison to for example the price of electrical vehicles. Yara also claims that their production is up to four times as efficient as Chinese producers and therefore they need help to become more sustainable <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/</ref>
-Yara claims the unrendable top of investment until 2030 is 1,5 billion euro’s. The price of prevented CO2 emissions per ton would be 60-80 euro’s. Yara claims this is a small price in comparison to for example the price of electrical vehicles. Yara also claims that their production is up to four times as efficient as Chinese producers and therefore they need help to become more sustainable <ref>https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/</ref>
+=== NewClimate Institute (NCI) Report ===
+== Due Diligence ==
 === Due Diligence ===
 Keep the broader context in mind. Is the company integer when it comes to deforestation, palm oil, biodiversity, human rights etc etc? Be critical in the sources used here.
+===Scandals and controversies===
+Yara International is a partner of Belaruskali – one of the largest fertilizer producers in the world, and also one of the largest companies owned by the Belarusian government.<ref>Rasin, L. (2021, May 31). Belarus opposition to Norway’s Yara: “Building a business on blood is not allowed in the 21st century”. Norway Today. Retrieved from https://norwaytoday.info/news/belarus-opposition-to-norways-yara-building-a-business-on-blood-is-not-allowed-in-the-21st-century/</ref> Since this partnership presumably funds a dictatorship, Yara has been accused of violating human rights.
 == Conclusion ==
-Recap of the position and influence of the company. Are the climate plans of the company enough to be in line with goals of the Paris Agreement? Is the company doing enough? Are the companies targets realistic?
+The Dutch branch of Yara is part of a large, influential global fertilizing company. The dutch branch of Yara makes up for a fair share of Yara’s total production and the production of fertilizers in general. Profit margins of the dutch production are small, but the mothercompany is financially healthy. Yara has reduces emissions since 1990 with nearly 60%, but is still one of the larger polluters in the Netherlands. Yara relies mainly on technological solutions and reuse of CO<sub>2</sub> to reduce their emissions. The targets are in line with the Paris Agreement. Recent years however emissions only reduced slightly so reasonable effort is needed and expected to reduce emissions further.
 ==  References ==

Difference between revisions of "Yara"

Latest revision as of 11:44, 13 July 2022

Company Structure

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

Accountant

Main Activities

Government

Paris Agreement until Today

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

Financial Results since 2015

Current Emissions

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

Climate Policy and Plans

Yara International

Yara Netherlands

NewClimate Institute (NCI) Report

Due Diligence

Due Diligence

Scandals and controversies

Conclusion

References

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