Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP

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Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP
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Quick Facts
TypePublic pension fund
sectorFinancial Services
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)Heerlen, The Netherlands
Year of Origin1922
Emissions (All Scopes)21.35 Megatons of CO2 (2020)[1]
Total RevenueEUR€ 528 billion (2020)[2]
Stock ExchangeNone
Key PeopleHarmen van Wijnen (Chairman Executive Board), Yolanda Verdonk-van Lokven (Executive Board Member); Dominique Dijkhuis (Executive Board Member)
Number of Employees41 (in 2020)
Subsidiaries
Algemene Pensioen Groep (APG)

Stichting Algemeen Burgerlijk Pensioen, stylized as Pensioenfonds ABP, is the largest pension fund in the Netherlands, and among the top three worldwide.[3] Its headquarters are situated in Heerlen, a city in the Dutch province of Limburg.[4] ABP offers all types of pensions, such as a Disability Pension, a Partner's Pension, and a Retirement Pension. The pension fund was established in 1922, primarily to regulate the pensions of Dutch civil servants and teachers. At the time it was government controlled, but in 1996, ABP was privatized.[5] In 2020, the fund served over 3.1 million employees, and an additional 3,557 employers. The pension fund itself only had 41 employers as of 2020,[6] but its executive subsidiary Algemeen Pensioen Groep NV (APG) has over 3,124 employers in the Netherlands and another 246 abroad.[7] Although ABP predominantly provides pensions to Dutch citizens, the company invests worldwide.[8] On February 28th, 2022, ABP confirmed that their current assets are worth 528 billion EUR.[9] Their liabilities account for 475 billion EUR.[10]

Company Structure

As of January 1st 2022, ABP has a new management model[11]: it now consists of three executive members, twelve non-executive members, and one independent chairperson. The executive members are responsible for the daily management, such as decision making and implementation. The non-executive members have a supevisory role. They are appointed by employees, employer-organizations or retirees. The board is led by an independent chairman.[12]

Since the institution was originally established by the Dutch government, its headquarter is in the Netherlands. In 1960 they moved the office from The Hague to Heerlen, to compensate for the closure of the national mines in the South.[13]

Furthermore, ABP has outsourced the pension administration and management of invested capital to APG.

Executive Board

Executive Board
Name Function Remuneration x1000 EUR
Harmen van Wijnen Chairman Executive Board 130.637 EUR (2020)[14]
Yolanda Verdonk Executive Board member Unknown
Dominique Dijkhuis Executive Board member Unknown

According to the 2020 annual report, this is what chairman H. Wijnen would make from May first, 2020 onwards. However, as there is no annual report available of 2021, nor of 2022, it is uncertain whether his salary has stayed the same. Similarly, there is no telling what the remunerations are for the other board members, as they have only recently been appointed (Y. Verdonk in 02/2022 and D. Dijkhuis in 01/2022). Additionally, ABP has completely transformed their management model. However, the salaries will not be able to be higher than €200,000 due to the Wet Normering Topinkomens (The Top Income Standard Law).[15]

ABP does state in a 2019 position paper that they strive to keep the managament wages in line with the wages received by their clients.[16] This means that the salaries will grow in the same rate as those of teachers and civil servants. However, ABP does grant performance bonuses to its directors. In addition to that, it allows its subsidiary APG to pay out high bonuses to those employed in the asset management department. On top of that, wages amongst those working at APG are significantly higher. In 2020 Annette Mosman (CEO) made €520,070, and Ronald Wuijster (head of the APG Asset Management) made €748,865.[17]

Supervisory Board

Supervisory Board
Name Function Remuneration x1000 EUR (2020)[18]
Corien M. Wortmann-Kool Chair Supervisory board 130 EUR
Aldert Boonen Member supervisory board Unknown
Patrick Fey Member supervisory board 90 EUR
Anne Gram Member supervisory board Unknown
André van Vliet Member supervisory board 95,75 EUR
Krista Nauta Member supervisory board 90 EUR
Paul Rosenmöller Member supervisory board Unknown
Loek Sibbing Member supervisory board 90 EUR
Vandena van der Meer-Gangapersadsing Member supervisory board Unknown
Conchita Mulder-Volkers Member supervisory board 90 EUR
Xander den Uyl Member supervisory board 90 EUR

The reason the salaries and additional benefits of some of the supervisory board members are unknown, is because they did not begin working at ABP until or after 2021.

It is unclear what the renumerations will amount to as of 2022, taking into consideration that they restructured their board management.

Accountant

The independent auditor of Pensioenfonds ABP is KPMG Advisory N.V. They have been ABP's accountant since January 1st, 2016.[19]

Main Activities

As ABP is a pension fund, it functions on the basis of capital funding. This entails that an employee, alongside their employer, accrues pension entitlements. These are put into a pension fund (in this case ABP) who then invests these contributions into different establishments, companies, and stocks. Over time, the pension fund increases the amount of capital they initially started out with, so that by the time someone goes into retirement, the pension they receive is more than what they deposited as pension entitlements. In the Netherlands, the pension system features “collectivity, mandatory participation, efficient administration and [it] is not-for-profit".[20] Because of this, it is beneficial for clients that ABP manages to expand their capital over the years and invests wisely. This especially since over 3.1 million Dutch citizens are affiliated to ABP.

At the start of 2022, their expected liabilities were €475 billion; this is the value of the pensions which ABP must pay out now and in the future. Meanwhile, their available assets (investment endeavors) were worth €528 billion. This means that, were every Dutch civil servant and teacher to suddenly retire, ABP would have the sufficient funds to cover all of the pensions, and then they would have an additional €53 billion left. At the time, their coverage ratio was 111.0%.[21]

ABP has a diversified investment portfolio. At the end of 2021, they had invested a total of €551,614 million in thirteen types of categories. These range from basic materials like wood, to energy, to financial institutions. ABP invests most in other financial institutions (25.04%), public authorities (23.46%), and information technology (10.72%).[22] They invested slighty more than €16 billion EUR in the energy sector. ABP invests worldwide, but predominantly seems to focus on North America (37.61%) and the European Monetary Union (34.31%).[23]

According to their overview of the holdings of ABP as per December 31st 2021, ABP has invested in some 867 companies worldwide.[24] 35 of these are amongst the top 100 most polluting companies worldwide.[25] In total, they invested about 1,499 million EUR in these 35 companies alone.[26]

Government

ABP has been privatized since 1996, which means that the government is no longer in charge of how the pension fund invests its money. Prior to its privatization, ABP’s investment freedom was curtailed by the Dutch government. For instance, they were not allowed to engage in foreign investment. Nor could they own more than five percent of any one company. Additionally, they had to invest all government contributions in government debt.[27]

These restrictions have since been lifted, and ABP is free to invest wherever they like. They do continue to invest a lot in government bonds.[28]

ABP does not receive NOW support nor has it attained a royal status. However, it is in the government’s interest that ABP acts in the common interest of the public. This because the accrual of ABP’s pension fund is tax-facilitated, which results in less tax money flowing into the governmental treasury. Thus, Pensioenfonds ABP has to act with integrity, efficiently, trustworthiness, and transparency.[29]

Paris Agreement until Today

Pensioenfonds ABP strives to have their investment portfolio be in line with the Paris Climate Agreement and the Dutch climate-agreement. Hence, they aim to contribute to a future where the world economy is climate neutral by 2050, and that global warming is reduced to 1.5⁰C.

Financial Results since 2015

Financial situation
Year Asset value
2015 396.673 Billion EUR[30]
2016 422.310 Billion EUR[31]
2017 454.599 Billion EUR[32]
2018 451.691 Billion EUR[33]
2019 531.473 Billion EUR[34]
2020 XXX Billion EUR[35]

Scandals and controversies

Menno Snel

On September 1st, 2021, Menno Snel officially resigned as a board member of ABP. He did this after coming under fire from taking on an chairman position at Nogepa, the Dutch trade association of oil and gas exploration and production. According to critics from for instance protest group Fossielvrij NL (Fossil free Netherlands), this additional role would clash interests with his job at pension fund ABP.[36] Opposition feared that Menno Snel being personally affiliated to the oil and gas industry would incentivize him to continue investing in the fossil industry, despite its ecological harmful implications. After reseigning, former secretary of state (finances) continued to work at Nogepa.[37]

Current Emissions

According to ABP itself, the CO2-emmissions from all of their investments account to 21,355,163 CO2e in total. When looking at their assets, state obligations and private equity, ABP exclusively takes scope 1 and scope 2 into consideration. The only sector for which they look into scope 3 is the real estate market.

  • Scope 1: direct emissions from company-owned and controlled resources. These are released into the atmosphere as a direct result of a set of activities;
  • Scope 2: indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy, such as electricity, steam, heat and cooling, from a utility provided;
  • Scope 3: indirect emissions that occur in the value chain of the reporting company. These emissions are linked to the company's operations.[38]

The reason behind this informational gap is that according to them "data on scope 3 emissions are not trustworthy enough yet and it would lead to double counting".[39] Because they retrieve their data from independent instances, such as GRESB for the real estate market, ABP is unable to provide specificities on the amount of scope 3 emissions in this sector.

When looking at data provided by APG, ABP's subsidiary, the rate of CO2-emissions seems to be slightly higher. They report a total of 24,852,626 CO2e.[40]

Total emissions (all scopes) as published by ABP and subsidiary APG (2020)
APG (scope 1, 2, and 3) ABP (scope 1, 2, and 3)
21.36 Megaton CO2 24.85 Megaton CO2

The only sector for which scope 3 is accounted is the real estate market. As a result, this leaves out a lot of data with regard to the total amount of emissions.

Climate Policy and Plans

2015 to 2020

In response to the Paris Climate Agreement, ABP published a Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2015 report. Here they argued that they would strive to become a sustainable pension fund. Building onto the idea that “returns and sustainability go hand in hand,”[41] ABP pledged to focus on responsible investments. In collaboration with their investment organization APG they strived to solely invest in companies setting good examples, and exert their influence on incentivizing companies to improve.

Some of the clear goals they set themselves were to i) cut their CO2 footprint of their equities portfolio by 25% between 2016 and 2020; ii) increase their investment in renewable energy to €5 billion; iii) double their investment in solutions to social and environmental problems to €58 billion by 2020; and lastly iv) invest an additional €1 billion by 2020 in their participants’ areas of involvement: education and communications infrastructure.[42] They gave themselves until 2020 to introduce these new policies.

By the end of 2019, ABP had reduced the CO2 footprint of their equities by more than 25 percent. Indeed, they had managed to reduce it by 37 percent.[43] However, important to take into consideration here is the effect that the COVID-19 pandemic had on polluting sectors such as energy and industry. As a response, ABP’s portfolio managers naturally invested less in these sectors, hence sharply reducing their CO2 footprint. It is unclear if the portfolio managers would have made the same choices if it had not been for the economic turmoil following the COVID-19 outbreak.

Image 1: How are ABP's energy investments distributed?[44]


ABP did increase their investment in renewable energy with a total of €6.5 billion.[45] Part of this money has gone to Merkur Offshore, a large wind farm situated in the German sector of the North Sea. ABP states that these wind turbines save around 480,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions. They have also invested in the Dutch wind farm Goeree-Overflakkee.[46] They do however continue to invest in energy company Engie whose subsidiary owns nuclear power plants. According to the opposition, nuclear energy is costly, inefficient, too slow, and potentially dangerous.[47] Although ABP has begun to invest more in renewable energy, they did continue to invest relatively more in gas and oil (Image 1).

ABP has managed to double their investment in solutions to social and environmental problems. In total, the pension fund has invested 65.6 billion in companies that contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[48] These companies are referred to as Sustainable Development Investments (SDIs). These companies must meet ABP’s criteria for return, risk and costs. The largest share of the SDIs is real estate. A total of €24 billion has been invested in sustainable real estate to meet the demands of SDG 11 - Sustainable cities and communities. These companies qualify as an SDI if it receives either four of five out of five stars on the annual sustainability survey of the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB).[49] Additional to this, ABP has expanded its green bond portfolio and currently invests a total of €7,601 million in green bonds.[50]

2020 and beyond

At the end of 2020 they published a new Sustainable and Responsible Investment Policy (2020-2025).[51] With their policy, ABP addressed three major transitions in the coming year. These are

  1. Addressing climate change and the need to transition to new energy generation and renewable energy sources;
  2. Conservation of natural sources, including increasing scarcity of raw materials and food;
  3. The digitalization of society, in which technology plays an increasingly important role.[52]

More concretely, by 2025 ABP strives to have:

  • 20% of their total assets under management to go to investments that are qualified as Sustainable Development Investments (SDIs);
  • Measured how they have contributed to the Sustainable Development Goals;
  • Reduced the CO2-emissions of their equity portfolio by 2025 (relative to 2015);
  • Phased out their investments in coal mines and tar sands (under certain turnover conditions);
  • Created a more stringent climate criteria in their inclusion policy;
  • Invested an additional EUR 15 billion in renewable and affordable energy by 2025;
  • Contributed more to CA100+;
  • Published climate targets for 2030 in line with expectations in the Dutch Climate Agreement by 2022;
  • Invested more in companies with circular business models;
  • Doubled the real estate assets in their investment portfolios;
  • Established criteria to assess companies on efficient, sustainable and responsible use of natural resources;
  • Encouraged more companies to take responsibility by investing more in sustainable companies;
  • Established criteria to assess whether companies respect the digital rights of workers;
  • Established criteria regarding companies' respect for human rights and the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, and encouraged companies to follow these criteria;
  • Invested more in companies that contribute to the basic needs of people.

As of 2021, ABP has officially stopped investing in fossil fuels.[53] On top of that, ABP will also sell all of their assets in coal producers.[54] They hope to have sold the majority of these by 2023.

ABP is also a member of Climate Action 100+ (CA100+), an investor-led collaboration that attempts to pressure companies in reducing their CO2 levels by rewarding them financially. Despite good intentions, CA100+ has as of now failed to push any of its 159 focus companies forward.[55]

Response to Milieudefensie's campaign

In response to Milieudefensie's request to provide a more concrete plan on how to drastically lower C02-emissions, ABP argues to have refined their policy plans. They state that they will set themselves a new goal with regard to lowering CO2-emissions of their assets. They will publish these plans later this year.[56]

Due Diligence

Animal welfare

According to Funding destruction of the Amazon and the Cerrado-savannah (2020), ABP has invested nearly 580 million EUR in companies which are either directly or indirectly connected to deforestation in the Amazon and the Cerrado-savannah.[57] The majority of their spending went to the China Mengnui Dairy group, who in 2008 went viral over a scandal regarding their deteriorated quality of milk and their mistreatment regarding dairy farmers.[58] The second largest beneficiary of investments provided by ABP was Brazilian meat producer JBS. JBS has been under fire for multiple scandels, such as bribing more than 1,000 politicians, modern-day "slave labor" practices, illegal deforestation, animal welfare violations and mayor hygiene breaches.[59]

ABP scored low on the four assessment pillars for the policy assessments of Dutch pension funds. They marked a 2.5 regarding forest and biodiversity perseverance, a 5.2 regarding human rights, 0.0 points when it came to animal welfare, and then a 6.4 on transparency and accountability.[60]

Human rights

According to Pension funds and land grab - an inconvenient truth (2021), ABP appears to have invested 3.7 billion EUR in 22 companies that are involved in land rights violations.[61] These companies include American Exxon Mobil Corp, in which a total of 381 million EUR has been invested, and Pepsico Inc, which received a total of 715 million EUR.[62]

Out of all Dutch pension funds, ABP is the one to invest the most amount of money in these destructive companies. Some examples of the actions taken by these 22 companies are i) French-based oil producer Total displaced local communities in order to build a new pipeline; ii) Australian Rio Tito bombed two old and sacramental caves in order to expand their mine production; iii) Brazilian iron producer Vale disregarded work safety standards resulting in the deaths of 250 people.[63]

Climate change

According to Fossil fuel versus renewable financing by financial institutions active in the Netherlands (2021) ABP was by far and large one of the biggest investors in fossil energy.[64] At the end of 2020, ABP had invested a total of 8,558 million EUR in the energy industry. 86% of that money went to fossil fuels, whilst the rest (14%) went to renewables.[65]

Conclusion

Recap of the position and influence of the company. Are the climate plans of the company enough to be in line with goals of the Paris Agreement? Is the company doing enough? Are the companies targets realistic?

References

  1. ↑ ABP. Meten en sturen op de CO2-voetafdruk van onze beleggingen, p. 2, retrieved on April 12th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/ABP%20CO2%20methodologie_3.pdf
  2. ↑ ABP. Financial situation on February 28th 2022, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/english/financial-situation/financial-dashboard.aspx
  3. ↑ Kennisbank ABPpensioen. De positie van pensioenfonds ABP, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://abppensioen.nl/het-fundament-van-pensioenfonds-abp/
  4. ↑ ABP. Contact Us, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/english/contact-us.aspx
  5. ↑ II May 1996 Archive. Can ABP Cope With Freedom?, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b14zpmqlqfsjrm/from-the-archive-can-abp-cope-with-freedom-may-1996
  6. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2020, p. 5, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://jaarverslag.abp.nl/abp-jaarverslag-2020.pdf
  7. ↑ APG Annual Report 2021, p. 125, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://jaarverslag.apg.nl/docs/APG_JV_2021/pdfs/APG_Groep_NV_Jaarverslag_2021.pdf
  8. ↑ ABP. Overview Corporate Bonds ABP as per December 31, 2021, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/overview-corporate-bonds.pdf
  9. ↑ ABP. Financial situation on February 28th 2022, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/english/financial-situation/financial-dashboard.aspx
  10. ↑ ABP. Financial situation on February 28th 2022, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/english/financial-situation/financial-dashboard.aspx
  11. ↑ ABP. Persbericht: ABP krijgt een nieuw bestuurmodel, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/over-abp/actueel/nieuws/abp-krijgt-een-nieuw-bestuursmodel%20.aspx
  12. ↑ ABP. Bestuur, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/over-abp/onze-organisatie/bestuur/
  13. ↑ Heerlen Vertelt. Pioniers uit Den Haag: samen met het ABP verhuizen naar Heerlen, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://www.heerlenvertelt.nl/2021/05/pioniers-uit-den-haag-samen-met-het-abp-verhuizen-naar-heerlen/
  14. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2020, p. 203, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://jaarverslag.abp.nl/abp-jaarverslag-2020.pdf
  15. ↑ Martine Wolzak. Pensioenfonds ABP gooit zijn bestuur om, Snel weg, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://fd.nl/economie-politiek/1389091/pensioenfonds-abp-gooit-zijn-bestuur-om
  16. ↑ ABP. Position Paper September 2019, p. 3, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/Position-Paper-beloningsbeleid-september-2019.pdf
  17. ↑ APG Annual Report 2021, p. 127, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://jaarverslag.apg.nl/docs/APG_JV_2021/pdfs/APG_Groep_NV_Jaarverslag_2021.pdf
  18. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2020, p. 207, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://jaarverslag.abp.nl/abp-jaarverslag-2020.pdf
  19. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2015, p. 24, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/jaarverslag-2015.pdf
  20. ↑ Pension Federatie. The Dutch pension system: highlights and characteristics, retrieved on April 8th, 2022. https://www.pensioenfederatie.nl/website/the-dutch-pension-system-highlights-and-characteristics#:~:text=Pension%20funds%20operate%20on%20the,collective%20investment%20of%20these%20contributions.
  21. ↑ ABP. Financial situation on February 28th 2022, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/english/financial-situation/financial-dashboard.aspx
  22. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2020, p. 217, retrieved on April 8th 2022. https://view.publitas.com/cfreport/abp-annual-report-2020/page/217
  23. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2020, p. 218, retrieved on April 8th 2022. https://view.publitas.com/cfreport/abp-annual-report-2020/page/217
  24. ↑ ABP. Overview corporate bonds ABP, retrieved on April 8th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/overview-corporate-bonds.pdf
  25. ↑ Political Economy Research Institute, Toxic 100 Air Polluters Index (2021 Report, Based on 2019 Data), retrieved on April 8th 2022. https://peri.umass.edu/toxic-100-air-polluters-index-current
  26. ↑ Based on author’s own calculations using the overview corporate bonds ABP sheet. https://www.abp.nl/images/overview-corporate-bonds.pdf
  27. ↑ II May 1996 Archive. Can ABP Cope With Freedom?, retrieved on April 6th 2022. https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b14zpmqlqfsjrm/from-the-archive-can-abp-cope-with-freedom-may-1996
  28. ↑ ABP Annual Report 2020, p. 64, retrieved on April 8th 2022. https://view.publitas.com/cfreport/abp-annual-report-2020/page/217
  29. ↑ Kennisbank ABPpensioen. De positie van pensioenfonds ABP https://abppensioen.nl/het-fundament-van-pensioenfonds-abp/#:~:text=De%20ABP%2Dpensioenregeling%20is%20(grond,materi%C3%ABle%20zin%20moet%20zijn%20verankerd.
  30. ↑ ABP. Jaarverslag 2015, p. 74, retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/jaarverslag-2015.pdf
  31. ↑ ABP. Jaarverslag 2016, p. 77, retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/jaarverslag-2016.pdf
  32. ↑ ABP. Jaarverslag 2017, p. 79, retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/jaarverslag-2017.pdf
  33. ↑ ABP. Jaarverslag 2018, p. 93, retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/ABP-jaarverslag-2018.pdf
  34. ↑ ABP. Jaarverslag 2019, p. 102, retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/ABP-jaarverslag.pdf
  35. ↑ ABP. Jaarverslag 2016, p. 169, retrieved on April 13th 2022.
  36. ↑ Jorn Jonker. Felle kritiek op Menno Snel om nieuwe functie bij olie- en gasindustrie, published on May 28th, 2021, accessed on April 13th 2022
  37. ↑ Martine Wolzak. Pensioenfonds ABP gooit zijn bestuur om, Snel weg, published on July 7th 2021, and accessed on April 12th 2022. https://fd.nl/economie-politiek/1389091/pensioenfonds-abp-gooit-zijn-bestuur-om
  38. ↑ PlanA Academy. What are Scope 1, 2 and 3 of Carbon Emissions?, published on August 12 2020, and accessed on April 14th 2022. https://plana.earth/academy/what-are-scope-1-2-3-emissions/
  39. ↑ ABP. Meten en sturen op de CO2-voetafdruk van onze beleggingen, p. 4, retrieved on April 12th 2022, https://www.abp.nl/images/ABP%20CO2%20methodologie_3.pdf
  40. ↑ APG. Verslag verantwoord beleggen APG groep 2020, p. 64, retrieved on April 12th 2022, https://apg.nl/media/dpef3e2e/nl-verslag-verantwoord-beleggen-apg-2020.pdf
  41. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2015, p. 2, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2015.pdf
  42. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2015, p. 4, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2015.pdf
  43. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2019, p. 32, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  44. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2015, p. 26, retrieved on April 12th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  45. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2019, p. 26, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  46. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2019, p. 27, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  47. ↑ Peer de Rijk. Nuclear energy? Too costly and too late, published on May 12th 2021 (accessed on April 12th 2022). https://spectator.clingendael.org/nl/publicatie/nuclear-energy-too-costly-and-too-late
  48. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2019, p. 21, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  49. ↑ ABP.Sustainable and Responsible Investment 2019, p. 23, retrieved on April 12th 2022. abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  50. ↑ ABP. Sustainable and Responsible Investment Report 2019, p. 24, retrieved on April 12th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/abp-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-report-2019.pdf
  51. ↑ ABP. ABP’s Sustainable and Responsible Investment Policy (2020-2025), retrieved on April 12th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/summary-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-policy.pdf
  52. ↑ ABP. ABP’s Sustainable and Responsible Investment Policy (2020-2025), p. 3, retrieved on April 12th 2022. https://www.abp.nl/images/summary-sustainable-and-responsible-investment-policy.pdf
  53. ↑ ABP. ABP stopt met beleggen in producenten fossiele brandstoffen: feiten & cijfers, retrieved on April 14th 2022, https://www.abp.nl/images/abp-feiten-en-cijfers-dvb-november-2021.pdf
  54. ↑ ABP.Factsheet beleggen in steenkoolbedrijven, retrieved on April 14th 2022, https://www.abp.nl/images/ABP%20Factsheet%20beleggen%20in%20steenkoolbedrijven.pdf
  55. ↑ Gina Gambetta, CA100+ benchmark reveals 'painful' progress on climate as investors turn attention to pay, accounting, Just Transition, retrieved on April 7th 2022. https://www.responsible-investor.com/ca100-benchmark-reveals-painful-progress-on-climate-as-investors-turn-attention-to-pay-accounting-just-transition/
  56. ↑ ABP. ABP licht klimaatbeleid aan Milieudefensie toe, published on April 13th 2022, and accessed on April 13th 2022, https://www.abp.nl/over-abp/actueel/nieuws/abp-licht-klimaatbeleid-aan-milieudefensie-toe.aspx?ns_mchannel=sm_twitter&ns_campaign=&ns_source=Help_Duurzaamheid_f_abp_vandaag&ns_linkname=&ns_fee=0
  57. ↑ Jan Willem van Gelder, Barbara Keupper, et al. Funding destruction of the Amazon and the Cerrado-savannah, p. 4, published on Augustus 27th 2020 and retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://fairfinanceguide.org/media/496089/funding-destruction-of-amazon-cerrado.pdf
  58. ↑ Tracy Dai. Yili and Mengniu milk scandal claim goes viral, published on July 28th 2020 and accessed on April 13th 2022.https://www.chinaskinny.com/blog/milk-scandal-china/
  59. ↑ Andrew Wasley, Alexandra Heal, Lucy Michaels, et al. JBS: The Brazilian butchers who took over the world, published on July 2nd 2019 and accessed on April 13th 2022. https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2019-07-02/jbs-brazilian-butchers-took-over-the-world
  60. ↑ Jan Willem van Gelder, Barbara Keupper, et al. Funding destruction of the Amazon and the Cerrado-savannah, p. 73, published on Augustus 27th 2020 and retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://fairfinanceguide.org/media/496089/funding-destruction-of-amazon-cerrado.pdf
  61. ↑ Eerlijke Pensioenwijzer. Pension funds and land grab - an inconvenient truth, p. 4, published on February 25th 2021, and retrieved on April 13th 2022 https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/496737/2021-02-praktijkonderzoek-pensioenfondsen-en-landrechten.pdf
  62. ↑ Eerlijke Pensioenwijzer. Pension funds and land grab - an inconvenient truth, appendix 4, published on February 25th 2021, and retrieved on April 13th 2022 https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/496737/2021-02-praktijkonderzoek-pensioenfondsen-en-landrechten.pdf
  63. ↑ Eerlijke Pensioenwijzer. Pension funds and land grab - an inconvenient truth, p. 4, published on February 25th 2021, and retrieved on April 13th 2022 https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/496737/2021-02-praktijkonderzoek-pensioenfondsen-en-landrechten.pdf
  64. ↑ Eerlijke Gelwijzer. Fossil fuel versus renewable financing by financial institutions active in the Netherlands, published on October 26 2021, and retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/497252/2021-10-praktijkonderzoek-fossiel-versus-duurzame-energie.pdf
  65. ↑ Eerlijke Gelwijzer. Fossil fuel versus renewable financing by financial institutions active in the Netherlands, p. 3, published on October 26 2021, and retrieved on April 13th 2022. https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/497252/2021-10-praktijkonderzoek-fossiel-versus-duurzame-energie.pdf
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