ING Group

From Bedrijven
Revision as of 13:44, 10 May 2022 by AidenCorreia (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
ING Group N.V.
Bedrijf Logo
Quick Facts
TypePublic
sectorFinance
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)Amsterdam, Netherlands
Year of Origin1991
Emissions (All Scopes)42 megatonnes
Total Revenue17.6 billion EUR (2020)
Stock ExchangeBrussels, Amsterdam & New York
Key People
  • Steven van Rijswijk (CEO)
  • Tanate Phutrakul (CFO)
Number of Employees14754 [1]
Subsidiaries
  • ING Bank N.V. (Amsterdam)
  • Bank Mendes Gans N.V. (Amsterdam)
  • ING Belgium S.A./N.V. (Brussels)
  • ING Luxembourg S.A. (Luxembourg City)
  • ING DiBa AG (Frankfurt am Main)
  • ING Bank Slaski S.A. (Katowice)
  • ING Financial Holdings Corporation (Delaware)
  • ING Bank A.S. (Istanbul)
  • ING Bank (Australia) Ltd (Sydney)
  • ING Commercial Finance B.V. (Amsterdam)
  • ING Groenbank .N.V. (Amsterdam)


ING Group N.V., stylized as Internationale Nederlanden Group, was founded in 1991 by a merger of the Dutch insurance company Nationale-Nederlanden and national postal bank NMB Postbank.[2] ING Group is active in the financial sector with products like savings, payments, investments, loans, mortgages and wholesale banking.[3] ING serves over 39.3 million individual customers, medium-sized businesses, multinational corporations and financial institutions. ING is active in over 40 countries.[4] In the retail market, ING is market leader in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg and a challenger in the German market.[5] ING total portfolio amounts to 887.5 billion euro’s worth of outstanding shares.[6] ING recorded a net income of 17.6 billion, and a net result of 2.5 billion euro’s in 2020, which was a 48% decline compared to 2019.[7] ING is headquartered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.[8] According to the Financial Stability Board and the Nederlandse Bank, ING is both nationally as well as internationally identified as a 'systemically important bank' (G-SIBs) and will therefore be backed by the State in case of problems.[9] G-SIBs are deemed essential for international monetary stability.[10]

In 2021, ING Group's balance value was 951.3 billion euro. In 2020 this was 937.3 billion.[11] ING is a public company with shares listed at the Brussels, Amsterdam and New York Exchange.[12] ING's loan book in 2020 had an estimate of 42 megaton of emissions of CO2 eq.[13]


Company Structure

ING Groep N.V. (ING Group) is a publicly listed company based in the Netherlands. ING Group is the parent of one main legal entity: ING Bank N.V. (ING Bank). ING Bank is the parent company of various Dutch and foreign banks, other subsidiaries, branches and representative offices globally.[14]

Share capital of ING Group consists of ordinary shares and cumulative preference shares. Currently, only ordinary shared are issued. Each share gives right to one vote. Only investor group BlackRock Inc. holds more than 3% of shares in ING group.[15] ING’s shares are listed at the Amsterdam, Brussels and New York stock exchange. Geographically, most outstanding shares are American-owned (40%) with the UK following (18%).[16]

ING is headquartered in Amsterdam. ING is historically a Dutch company and therefore resides in the Netherlands.

ING knows 11 principal subsidiaries and one joint venture. In most of the countries in which ING is active, the local activities are carried out by a branch of its main subsidiary, ING Bank N.V. [17]

Board of Directors

ING Group has a two-tier board structure consisting of the Executive Board and the Supervisory Board. The Supervisory Board has established four permanent committees to prepare its decision-making and to advise the Supervisory Board on specific matters, namely the Risk Committee, the Audit Committee, the Nomination and Corporate Governance committee and the Remuneration Committee.

ING Bank also has a two-tier board structure, consisting of the Management Board Banking and the Supervisory Board. The members of the Executive Board are also members of the Management Board Banking and are therefore double-hatting. In addition, the Supervisory Board and committees of the Supervisory Board are identical for both ING Group and ING Bank.[18]

Executive Board [19]
Name Function Remuneration EUR in 2021
Steven van Rijswijk Chief Executive Officer 1,776,300
Tanate Phutrakul Chief Financial Officer 1,221,700
Ljiljana Čortan Chief Risk Officer (as of her appointment as CRO at the AGM on 26 April 2021) 837,600

Together the current board made 3,835,600 euro’s in 2021. Plus the variable remuneration of 663,471 euro's (percentage for the Executive Board members are as follows: CEO 17%, CFO 18% and CRO 17%). Plus benefits of 495,500 euro's for the CEO, 349,800 euro's for the CFO and 382,200 euro's for the CRO(as of her appointment on 26 April 2021).

Management Board Banking

Management Board Banking [20]
Name Function
Pinar Abay Head of Market Leaders
Aris Bogdaneris Head of Challengers and Growth Markets
Roel Louwhoff COO and chief transformation officer
Isabel Fernandez Head of Wholesale Banking

There is no information available on the individual remuneration of the management board banking.

Supervisory Board

Supervisory Board [21]
Name Function Remuneration x1000 EUR
Hans Wijers Chairman 173
Hermann-Josef Lamberti Vice-chair 48
Mike Rees Vice-chair 129
Jan-Peter Balkenende Member 80
Juan Colombas Member 23
Mariana Gheorghe Member 108
Eric Boyer de la Giroday Member 38
Margaretha Haase Member 105
Herman Hulst Member 68
Harold Naus Member 68
Herma Verhagen Member 100

These numbers exclude the stocks granted to the board and supervisory board. [22]

Accountant

The auditor of ING Group is KPMG. [23] KPMG has been the auditor of ING since the financial year of 2016. [24]

Main Activities

ING Group is active in the financial sector with products like savings, payments, investments, loans and mortgages as well as wholesale banking. In wholesale banking ING provides specialised lending, tailored corporate finance, debt and equity market solutions, sustainable finance solutions, payments & cash management and trade and treasury services. [25] ING serves over 39.3 million individual customers as well as small and medium-sized businesses up to multinational corporations and financial institutions.

Government

To what extent can the government influence company policy? (shareholder, licensing authority, client etc.) Has company received NOW support or royal status?

ING has not received NOW support from the Dutch government. [26] ING does not have royal status. [27]

Paris Agreement until Today

Since the Paris Agreement in 2015, ING has strived to set a pledge to get multiple banks to steer their portfolio towards the well-below two degree goal of the Paris Agreement. This resulted in the signing of the Katowice Agreement together with four global banks. This formed the groundwork for the UN-backed collective commitment to Climate Action in 2019, signed by over 30 banks. ING and the think-tank for the financial sector ‘’2° Investing Initiative’’ published PACTA for banks. An open-source methodology to measure and monitor climate goals. In August 2021, ING joined the Net-Zeo Banking Alliance, committing to steer its portfolio towards net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. ING has published their first ‘’Terra Report’’ in 2019 and its first integrated climate report in 2021. [28]

ING has decreased its exposure to thermal coal mining by more than 90 percent from 317 million in 2017 to 30 million in 2020. [29]

Financial Results since 2015

In this table, the financial situation of the company since 2015 is shown.

Financial situation
Year Revenue Profit Dividend
2015 [30] 16.9 billion EUR 4 billion EUR 2.5 billion EUR [31]
2016 [32] 17.5 billion EUR 4.6 billion EUR 2.6 billion EUR [33]
2017 [34] 17.8 billion EUR 4.9 billion EUR 2.6 billion EUR [35]
2018 [36] 18.2 billion EUR 4.8 billion EUR 2.7 billion EUR [37]
2019 [38] 18.3 billion EUR 4.9 billion EUR 2.7 billion EUR [39]
2020 [40] 17.6 billion EUR 2.6 billion EUR 468 million EUR [41]
2021 [42] 18.5 billion EUR 4.9 billion EUR 2,37 billion EUR [43]

Fossil and Agricultural investments

This table shows ING's fossil and agricultural investments with high co2 emission intensity. Numbers are in billions. [44]

Investments, outstanding amounts year-end 2020 Percentage of total year-end 2021 Percentage of total
Production of electricity (fossil part) 4.15 0.47% n/a n/a
Manufacture of refined petroleum products 2.92 0,33% n/a n/a
Extraction of crude petroleum 4.78 0.54% n/a n/a
Extraction of natural gas 1.85 0.21% n/a n/a
Mining of hard coal 0.33 0.04% n/a n/a
Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction 3.46 0.4% n/a n/a
Wholesale of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products 14.8 1.67% n/a n/a
Raising of dairy cattle 1.03 0.12% n/a n/a
Raising of swine/pigs 0.19 0.02% n/a n/a
Raising of poultry 0.38 0.04% n/a n/a

Scandals and controversies

In 2019, Milieudefensie filed a complaint against ING Group at the Dutch Contant Point (NCP) for OESO-guidelines for multinational companies. Milieudefensie did this with amongst others WALHI and SDI. The complaint encompasses the financing of ING of three palm oil companies involved in deforestation of rainforest (Noblé Group), land grabbing (Bolloré Group/Sofin) and childlabour (Wilmar).

The OESO took the complaint into account and started a procedure in 2020. Together with Milieudefensie and its partners, ING collaborated in finding a solution. However, in 2022, ING decided unilaterally to end the conversation and retract from the procedure. It is critical to note that during the procedure, the allegations were recognized and were not a point of discussion amongst the parties.

This decision makes very clear that although ING recognized the wrongdoings, it walks away from its responsibilities without any consequences. This is a prime example why a climate duty for companies needs to be added into law. [45]

Current Emissions

ING estimates emissions of 42 megatonnes of CO2 eq. in their loanbook. [46]

ING’s Terra approach means to align ING’s lending portfolio with Paris Agreement goals in nine sectors most responsible for climate change [47]. The report’s Climate Alignment Dashboard tracks the performance, showing the CO2 intensity per sector of ING’s portfolio compared to the market and the relevant climate scenario. [48] The first Terra Report was published in 2019. A second report was published in 2020, and in 2021 ING published an integrated climate report for the first time.

ING claims to align itself to either PACTA or B2DS Scenario. However, in three of the nine sectors, the convergence pathway of ING is until 2050 above the B2DS Scenario or the PACTA scenario. For all sectors reported on, CO2 intensity is given. For oil and gas, ING shows the absolute portfolio reduction trend in line with the relative climate scenario with their 2019 upstream portfolio as base year for reduction. For shipping, ING shows the average alignment delta: the difference between actual and required annual efficiency ratio per vessel. [49] These different measures reduce comparability of emissions in hard numbers.

  • 1. Power generation: convergence path is in line with Net Zero Emissions reference. ING outperforms both the market and reference scenario. This makes the 2030 target less impressive [50]
  • 2. Upstream oil and gas: ING does not have emission reduction targets. There is a financing reduction goal of 69 percent in 2050. [51] Thermal coal mining will be completely phased out in 2025. [52]
  • 3. Commercial real estate: ING is nearly on track to reach zero emissions by 2040. This is ten years earlier than the planned trajectory. [53]
  • 4. Residential real estate portfolio: ING want to become energy-positive by 2050. However, their trajectory pathway until 2050 is (far) above the B2DS scenario. [54]
  • 5. Cement portfolio: ING’s plans are in line with the B2DS scenario. However, current performance is not in line with neither the convergence path nor B2DS scenario. The 2050 target is not zero. [55]
  • 6. Steel sector: ING has not yet decided their convergence path and follows market developments [56]
  • 7. Automotive sector: ING’s convergence path is above the B2DS scenario until 2050. The ING reduction target for the automotive sector is only focused on zero tailpipe emissions. [57] [58]
  • 8. The climate scenario for the aviation sector has no zero targets for 2050. The B2DS scenario’s target is 20 gr. CO2/passenger KM. Until 2050, ING’s convergence pathway is above the target. [59]
  • 9. The international shipping sector is not part of the Paris Agreement. The International Maritime organization however has proposed the goal reducing total GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050, compared to 2008. ING is committed to this ambition. [60]. The reporting however lacks a clear target and emission numbers.
Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO2-eq.)
Year Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total
2015 [61] 0.02 0.03 0.04 (incomplete) Unknown
2016 [62] 0.02 0.01 0.03 (incomplete) Unknown
2017 [63] 0.02 0.1 0.03 (incomplete) Unknown
2018 [64] 0.01 0.007 0.03 (incomplete) Unknown
2019 [65] 0.01 0.007 0.02 (incomplete) Unknown
2020 [66] 0.01 0.004 42.008 42.024
2021 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Until the first Terra Report in 2020, ING made the following statement in their annual report: 'While scope 3, category 15 (emissions through lending and investments) is material to ING’s indirect emissions footprint, due to measurement complexity and lack of quality data, ING is not able to completely measure and disclose this figure. ' This is why hardly any data is available in this period.

Since 2020, ING measures their scope 3 emissions through their Terra Progress Reports. The Terra Progress report encompasses 75% of ING’s outstanding loanbook. However, only emission intensity is given and outstanding investments are mentioned, but no totale mission number is given per sector. Based on the information given, it is also not possible to calculate an emission number for scope 3. ING makes an estimate, so the underlying data is there. ING chooses not to report this data. No information is available yet for 2021.

Climate Policies and Plans

ING has increased its ambition to align its lending portfolio with a net zero future by 2050 or sooner. ING will now evolve its Terra approach to steer our loan book towards keeping the rise in global temperatures to a maximum of 1.5 °C, rather than well below 2 °C. [67]. ING plans to reduce emissions in scope 1 & 2 by 90 percent in 2030. [68] As the emissions table shows, this hardly makes a difference as by far most of the emissions of ING are in scope 3.

ING’s priorities are as follows: [69]

  • Reaching Net Zero in own operations
  • Steering portfolio towards net zero by 2050 or sooner
  • Finance and advise clients in line with a net zero economy
  • Manage climate and environmental risks

In 2019, ING Group signed the climate commitment for the financial sector. All 54 financial institutions that signed this commitment commit to taking their responsibility in the execution of the Paris Agreement as well as the Dutch Climate Agreement. This means that these institutions need to measure and reduce the emissions from their relevant investments, report about those from 2020 onwards and before 2022 publish a plan of action including reduction measures for 2030 for all relevant investments, shares and guarantees. [70]

However, this commitment is not enough. This climate commitment is not binding. There are hardly any conditions to the plans that should be published in 2022. Only 19% of the signees had a climate plan in accordance with the Paris Agreement in 2020. [71] Also, the commitment did not mention any definitions with regard to relevant investments. In 2020 only 9 of the 54 signees reported on all classes of activa. [72] Next to that, the pace of execution is too slow. For example, in 2018 ING commited to the Spitsbergen amibtion where it promised to tackle climate change. [73] Yet, in 2020, there was still no Paris Proof climate plan.

Hopeful news is that ING announced that it would stop financing the exploration of new oil and gas fields. It will still be involved in the supply chain of oil and gas, but is planning to reduce this involvement and make no new investments. Instead, ING want to sharply increase its investments in renewable energy. [74]

It is important to give some context to this decision. Current projects are still being financed. The decision only concerns upstream projects. Midstream and downstream projects can still be financed. ING only speaks of projects. It can still finance companies that are in the expansion business. Between 2016 - 2020, the invested number in expansion companies was 5.9 billion USD. [75]

Due Diligence

Keep the broader context in mind. Is the company integer when it comes to deforestation, palm oil, biodiversity, human rights etc etc? Be critical in the sources used here.

Conclusion

ING is a major financial player, essential to the financial system. With the enormous revenu and profits ING makes, it is their moral responsibility to be a leader in fighting climate change. Leadership salaries at ING are very high, as is remuneration for the supervisory board.

The ambitions of ING are in line with the 2050 goals of the Paris Agreement. ING is committed to steering their portfolio in line with the well-below two degrees scenario. Through the different cooperations with banks and governments, ING shows its goodwill. However, ING's reports show relative numbers instead of hard emissions data. It is not possible to calculate emission numbers from this data. This makes comparing performances difficult. Until 2020, ING deemed reporting their scope 3 emissions too complex.

Throughout the report, ING downplays their own responsibility by referring to lacking regulatory guidelines and the possibility of ‘’portfolio leak’’ multiple times. Not setting targets on difficult to change markets is not very committed either. ING seems to be following market developments and is reactive instead of proactive in the energy transition. In a number of sectors, the goals of ING are above the threshold and will only be in line with the respective scenario by 2050. That is not enough. ING is on the right track with the disclosure of 75% of their outstanding portfolio, but should release the underlying data to be able to make an assesment of the total impact of the ING loanbook. A more transparant and proactive stance in setting goals and working towards them may be expected from a player like ING.

References

  1. ↑ https://nieuws.ing.nl/nl-NL/about/
  2. ↑ https://www.ing.com/About-us/Profile/History.htm
  3. ↑ https://www.ing.com/About-us/Profile/ING-at-a-glance.htm
  4. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 43
  5. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 60-53
  6. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 107
  7. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 6
  8. ↑ https://www.ing.com/ING-in-your-area.htm
  9. ↑ Financial Stability Board. 2020 list of global systemically important bank (G-SIBs), p. 3, retrieved on April 10th 2022. https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P111120.pdf
  10. ↑ https://financieel.infonu.nl/sparen/27596-hoe-veilig-sparen-is-uw-bank-een-veilige-systeembank.html
  11. ↑ https://www.ing.com/MediaEditPage/2021-Annual-Report-ING-Groep-N.V.-.htm p. 268
  12. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 9
  13. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 129
  14. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm corporate governance p. 216
  15. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 8
  16. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 9
  17. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 274
  18. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm corporate governance p. 216
  19. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm corporate governance p.252
  20. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 78
  21. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 79
  22. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 239
  23. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 215
  24. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 394
  25. ↑ https://www.ing.com/About-us/Profile/ING-at-a-glance.htm
  26. ↑ https://www.uwv.nl/overuwv/pers/documenten/2021/register-vijfde-aanvraagperiode-now.aspx
  27. ↑ https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/predicaat-koninklijk/overzicht-predicaat-koninklijk
  28. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm
  29. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 6
  30. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=edb1ce3f-532f-4ddb-a58f-c91c6212d37e&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=36989
  31. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=edb1ce3f-532f-4ddb-a58f-c91c6212d37e&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=36989 p. 59
  32. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=bbbb6628-52ea-4469-8232-2a0d0d60f099&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=39230
  33. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=bbbb6628-52ea-4469-8232-2a0d0d60f099&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=39230 p. 186
  34. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=984d63ab-14e4-4a37-abcd-8326d8196f76&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=42779
  35. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=984d63ab-14e4-4a37-abcd-8326d8196f76&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=42779 p. 291
  36. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=cd92e960-46e7-4f48-a2ae-8fb590d30714&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=46311
  37. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=233b1556-54d9-4fb7-9385-c1a4e3f083f1&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=49335 p. 382
  38. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=233b1556-54d9-4fb7-9385-c1a4e3f083f1&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=49335
  39. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=233b1556-54d9-4fb7-9385-c1a4e3f083f1&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=49335 p. 317
  40. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=4ba98f0a-c168-4bab-9d57-8b36cf0329ae&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=52579
  41. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=4ba98f0a-c168-4bab-9d57-8b36cf0329ae&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=52579 p. 312
  42. ↑ https://www.ing.com/MediaEditPage/2021-Annual-Report-ING-Groep-N.V.-.htm
  43. ↑ https://www.ing.com/MediaEditPage/2021-Annual-Report-ING-Groep-N.V.-.htm p. 325
  44. ↑ Zie bij portfolio
  45. ↑ https://milieudefensie.nl/actueel/ing-loopt-weg-voor-haar-verantwoordelijkheid
  46. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 29
  47. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 56
  48. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Investor-relations/Financial-performance/Annual-reports.htm p. 56
  49. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainability-direction/Climate-action.htm
  50. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 54
  51. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 55
  52. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainability-direction/Climate-action.htm p. 24
  53. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 88
  54. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 95
  55. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 105
  56. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainability-direction/Climate-action.htm p. 51
  57. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainability-direction/Climate-action.htm p. 57-60
  58. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 71
  59. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm p. 75
  60. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainability-direction/Climate-action.htm
  61. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=edb1ce3f-532f-4ddb-a58f-c91c6212d37e&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=36989 p. 428
  62. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=bbbb6628-52ea-4469-8232-2a0d0d60f099&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=39230 p. 440
  63. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=984d63ab-14e4-4a37-abcd-8326d8196f76&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=42779 p. 351
  64. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=cd92e960-46e7-4f48-a2ae-8fb590d30714&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=46311 p. 432
  65. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=233b1556-54d9-4fb7-9385-c1a4e3f083f1&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=49335 p. 441
  66. ↑ https://www.ing.com/web/file?uuid=4ba98f0a-c168-4bab-9d57-8b36cf0329ae&owner=b03bc017-e0db-4b5d-abbf-003b12934429&contentid=52579 p. 433
  67. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm
  68. ↑ https://www.ing.com/MediaEditPage/2021-Climate-Report.htm p. 22
  69. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Sustainability/Sustainable-business/Terra-approach.htm
  70. ↑ https://klimaatcommitment.nl/over-het-klimaatcommitment/
  71. ↑ https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/detail?id=2021Z23668&did=2021D50219 p. 32
  72. ↑ https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/brieven_regering/detail?id=2021Z18874&did=2021D40543 p. 2
  73. ↑ https://www.asnbank.nl/web/file?uuid=69aed792-aed6-4add-9241-5ab03621ce0e&owner=6916ad14-918d-4ea8-80ac-f71f0ff1928e&contentid=2088
  74. ↑ https://nos.nl/artikel/2422361-ing-stopt-financiering-van-nieuwe-olie-en-gaswinning
  75. ↑ https://www.ing.com/Newsroom/News/More-renewables-less-oil-gas.htm
Retrieved from "https://bedrijven.milieudefensie.nl/index.php?title=ING_Group&oldid=3427"