Yara

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Yara Netherlands
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Quick Facts
TypePublic
sectorFertilizer
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)Vlaardingen, Netherlands [1]
Year of Origin1929
Emissions (All Scopes)3,3 Megatons of CO2 (NL, 2020)
Total Revenue1.9 billion USD (2021)
Stock ExchangeBijv. Tokio, Amsterdam
Key People
  • Michael Schlaug (CEO Yara Sluiskil)
  • Gijsbrecht Gunter (Manager of External Affairs & Communication Yara Sluiskil)
Number of Employees848 (2021)
Subsidiaries
  • In the Netherlands, Yara exists of Yara Sluiskil and Yara Vlaardingen.

Yara International ASA, stylized as Yara, is a wellknown international company active in the business of fertilizers. The focus of this page is on Yara Sluiskil, a subsidiary of Yara in the Netherlands. Where accessible, data from this subsidiary is used. Where no information is available or information from the mothercompany is more relevant, this information is used.

Yara

The beginnings of Yara go back to 1905 in Norway.[2] Currently Yara operates an integrated business model with around 17,800 employees and operations in over 60 countries.[3] Yara claims to be the world’s leading fertilizer company and a provider of environmental solutions.[4] Yara shares are traded at the Oslo Stock Exchange. Norwegian state owns most of the shares (36.2%). Norwegian private partners own 22.6%. The rest of the shares are primarily US or UK owned. Yara is headquartered in Oslo, Norway. In the Netherlands, Yara has plant in Sluiskil and a location in Vlaardingen.

Yara Sluiskil

In 1929 the beginnings of Yara Sluiskil were established as Compagnie Neérlandaise de l'Azote (CNA).[5] This name changed to Nederlandse Stikstof Maatschappij (NSM) in the 60s. In 1979, the mothercompany acquired Yara Sluiskil, although the company only got this name since 2004. In 2015, Yara Sluiskil took up about 15% of the total production volume of the entire Yara company. Yara Sluiskil is the largest factory of articifial fertilizer in Northern Europe.[6] Yara Sluiskil employs 723 people[7] and in 2020 stated to process about 5 million tonnes of product on a yearly basis.[6] Yara claims to have reduced its CO2 emission from 2005 to 2015 by 60% while production increases by 1.5 million tonnes.[8] According to the 2021 country by country report of Yara, the revenue of Yara Sluiskil was 1596 million USD and the profit before taxes is 105 millions USD.[7]

Company Structure

Yara International

Yara is 50% owner of Yara Pilbara Nitrates Pty Ltd (Australia), 49% owner of Trinidad Nitrogen Co. Litd. (Trinidad) and 68% ownership of Yara Freeport LLC DBA Texas Ammonia (USA). [9] Yara has a non-controlling interest in Yara Dallol (Netherlands). [10]

Yara consists of a Group Executive Board (GEB) and a Board of Directors.[3] The GEB takes charge over the day-to-day management. The responsibility for the day-to-day managements lies with the CEO. The Board of Directors has the overriding responsibility for the managements of the company. The Board also supervises the company's day-to-day management and the more general company's activities. The compositon of the Board varies from 3 till 11 members. Now there are 10, of which 4 are elected by the employees of Yara and the other 6 elected by the shareholders.

Group Executive Board[11]
Name Function Remuneration x1000 USD (2021)
Svein Tore Holsether Chief Executive Officer & President 1648
Lars Røsæg Deputy CEO 767
Thor Giæver Chief Financial Officer 280
Mónica Andrés Enríquez Europe 299
Solveig Hellebust People, Process and Digitalization 260
Pål Hestad Global Plants & Operational Excellence 733
Fernanda Lopes Larsen Africa & Asia 712
Chrystel Monthean Americas 741
Kristine Ryssdal General Counsel 691

These numbers exclude share-based remuneration and other benefits. [12]

Board of Directors[11]
Name Function Remuneration x1000 USD (2021)
Trond Berger Chair 90
Kimberley Lein-Mathisen Vice-chair 47
Rune Bratteberg Member 54
Håkon Reistad Fure Member 54
Ragnhild Flesland Høimyr Member 42
Øystein J. Kostøl Member 42
Adele Bugge Norman Pran Member 63
Geir O. Sundbø Member 50
John Thuestad Member 53
Brigitte Ringstad Vartdal Member 50

These number exclude compensation in shares and dividend.[13]

Yara Netherlands

The Yara group consists of 137 subsidiaries.[3] Yara Nederland B.V. is the main parents to 16 of these subsidiaries. Next to that Yara Holding Netherlands B.V. is also registered in the Netherlands. [14] There is very limited information on the directors of the Dutch branches. Michael Schlaug is the general director of Yara Sluiskil. [15] Gijsbrecht Gunter is the manager of external affairs and communicaion for Yara Sluiskil. [16] No other information on the direction of Yara Sluiskil or Yara Netherlands can be found online.

Accountant

Deloitte is the independent auditor of Yara, both the parents company as well as most of the subsidiaries.[3] In the independent auditor report of Deloitte, which is attached to the Annual Report 2021, there is no mentioning of climate-related risks.[3]

Main Activities

Yara is the worlds leading fertilizer company. One of Yara's main ingredients is ammoniak. This is a very high energy-consuming production process. [17]

Government

The state of Norway and several Norwegian pensionfunds are the main shareholders of Yara International. [18] As far as publicly known, the Dutch government has no direct financial ties to Yara International nor Yara Netherlands. The Dutch government has influence on Yara through the environmental laws in place. The Dutch and European legislators can and already have an impact on Yara's governance through ETS (Emissions Trading System) and complimentary Dutch CO2 taxation system.

Paris Agreement until Today

Yara International

‘’Planet’’ is weighed for 25% in the performance indicators based on which remuneration of the board executives is decided. [19]

Yara sees opportunities in clean ammonia. Yara wants to be a key player in the hydrogen economy. [20] Yara is a partner in the Science Based Targets initiative [21]

Yara Netherlands

Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in North-western Europe. Their main ingredient is ammoniak, of which the production costs a lot of energy. 70% of the costs of Yara Sluiskil are electricity costs.[22] Due to the high gas prices, Yara had to cut 40% of its production at the end of 2021. This was the case for the plant in the Netherlands as well as in other countries. [23]

Yara Sluiskil has come from 5.8 megaton in 1990 to 3.6 megaton in 2018. 1.4 megaton is reused, so the netto emission is 2.2 megaton. In this line they have halved their emissions since 1990. However, the chemical sector is still one of the largest polluting sectors in the Netherlands. [24] In 2020, the bruto emissions for Yara Sluiskil were 3.3 megatonnes. Critics say Yara had taken the easy steps to get to this reduction. For example by reducing emissions of NOx. Yara states that a lot of their emissions is reused and can therefore not be accounted to them. [25]

Despite Yara’s slogan ‘’Responsibly feed the world and protect the planet’’ they are high-ranking on multiple lists of large polluters. They are the fourth largest CO2 emitter in the Netherlands with 2.5 megatonnes, number 13 on NOx (824,000 kilo), number 2 on N2O (824,000 kilo) and number 1 for NH3 (504,000 kilo)(reported in 2019). [26]

Financial Results since 2015

Yara International

Financial situation
Year Revenue Profit Dividend
2015 [27] 111.9 billion NOK 8.5 billion NOK 3.6 billion NOK
2016 [28] 97.2 billion NOK 6.3 billion NOK 4.1 billion NOK
2017 [29] 93.8 billion NOK 4 billion NOK 2.7 billion NOK
2018 [30] 13 billion USD 141 million USD 219 million USD
2019 [31] 12.9 billion USD 589 million USD 203 million USD
2020 [32] 11.7 billion USD 690 million USD 926 million USD
2021[33] 16.6 billion USD 384 million USD 1,215 million USD

Scandals and controversies

Yara International is a partner of Belaruskali – one of the largest fertilizer producers in the world, and also one of the largest companies owned by the Belarusian government.[34] Since this partnership presumably funds a dictatorship, Yara has been accused of violating human rights.

Current Emissions

Yara International

In 2021, Yara’s GHG emissions totalled 75.3 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) for scopes 1, 2, and 3 combined.[35]

Yara makes a distinction between scope 2 location-based and market-based. In the table below, the market-based scope 2 emissions are used. The 2021 GHG emissions for scope 1 and 2 were reported to be 17.5 million tonnes. According to Yara, their scope 1 and 2 emissions have reduced with 5% since 2019. Furthermore, Yara claims to have made good progress for more than a decade in reducing the GHG emissions from their own operations (scope 1 and 2). The numbers however show an increase since 2015. This might also be explainable by increase in production, which makes the numbers difficult to compare.

Scope 3 emissions are divided by Yara in three. The first scope 3 follows category 1 and 3, which consists of the purchased fuels and raw materials. The second scope 3 follows category 4 and 9, which consist of upstream and downstream transportation. Lastly, the third scope 3 is made up of category 11 and stands for the emissions from the use of fertilizer, the product sold by Yara. As seen in the table below, this last scope 3 emissions causes the majority of GHG emissions of Yara: around 62%.[35] Reducing their scope 1 and 2 emissions therefore has a limited impact on the total emissions.

Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO2-eq.)
Year Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 (cat. 1&3) Scope 3 (cat. 4&9) Scope 3 (cat. 11) Total
2015[36] 12.3 0.4 not reported not reported not reported x
2016[37] 12.4 1.3 7.5 2.5 35.7 59.5
2017[38] 15.1 0.9 11.9 2.7 34.9 65.5
2018[39] 16.6 1 9.1 2.9 40.5 70.1
2019[40] 17.1 1.4 9 2.9 43.8 74.2
2020[41] 16.6 1.1 8.5 2.6 42.3 71.1
2021[35] 16.5 1 8.6 2.6 46.6 75.3

Yara Netherlands

A lot of gas is necessary for the process of making fertilizer.[42] With gas, hydrogen is made, which interacts with nitrogen to ammonia, following the Haver-Boschprocess. At Yara Sluiskil they use 2 billion cubic meters of gas every year. Of this amount, 80 percent is used for the process of making fertilizer. Yara Sluiskil is thus one of the biggest poluters of the Netherlands.

Yara only delivers a graph of their emissions in their Dutch sustainability report. There is no report per scope. Data from 2015 - 2018 is from a government report. Yara International reports emissions per scope, but does not specify per location so no data for Yara Netherlands can be deducted from the annual reports.

Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO2-eq.)
Year Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total
2015 [43] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.7
2016 [44] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.7
2017 [45] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.8
2018 [46] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.6
2019 [47] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.5
2020 [48] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.3
2021 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Climate Policy and Plans

Yara International

Yara's ambition, as reported in their 2021 sustainability report, is to become climate neutral by 2050.[35] The intermediate targets to reach this goal are reducing by 2025 their carbon intensity (emissions in ton CO2e/ton N) by 10% or more relative to 2018, and reducing by 2030 their absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 30% or more relative to 2019. Furthermore, Yara is in the process of defining Science Based Targets for scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions in order to have a clear plan on how to deliver on the Paris Agreement. Regarding the high amount of emissions of scope 3, it is crucial that Yara defines targets and plans to reduce these emissions as well.

Yara claims to contribute along two main avenues: reducing greenhouse gas emissions from our own operations and offering and exploring new, sustainable solutions for farmers and food companies as well as for a clean hydrogen and ammonia-based economy. [49]

Yara plans to optimize energy efficiency in ammonia production, as this accounts for 80 percent of direct GHG emissions.[50] Plan is to undertake regular interna land external benchmarking activities, and by carrying out efficiency diagnosis and audits, resulting in systematic improvement actions.

Yara aims to have all major production sites certified to ISO 50001 Energy Management standard by 2022.[51]

Having reduced their GHG emissions by 45% since 2005, Yara claims to be well-positioned to meet the EU 55% reduction target.[52]

Yara Netherlands

According to Gijsbrecht Gunter, manager of external affairs and communicaion, Yara Sluiskil would welcome with open arms an alternative to gas.[42] This would bring back their CO2 emissions and would reduce their dependence on Russian gas.

Yara has developed a climate roadmap to reduce net-emissions from 1.9 megaton (2020) to 0.7 megaton in 2030. Projects in this roadmap are reducing the rest of NOx emissions, reuse of heat, replacing gas turbines with electrical turbines, differentiating steam and electricity balance in factories, capture and making CO2 liquid to store in empty gas fields. Yara also wants to use more CO2 in their endproducts. [53]

The climate roadmap has three main tracks:[54]

  • Track 1: Change and renew existing installations (-0.5 megaton)
  • Track 2: Carbon capture and Storage (CCS) (-0.7 megaton)
  • Track 3: Green Hydrogen (-0.1 megaton)

Yara Sluiskil plans to reduce emissions to zero by 2050. [55]

Yara Sluiskil claims to have reduced their CO2 footprint by 60% from 2005 to 2015, while increasing production by 1.5 million tonnes. [56] In cooperation with Zeeland Seaports, Yara delivers CO2 and heat to greenhouses in the proximity. Yara claims to reduce emissions by 0.135 Mtonnes by doing so [57] Current emissions are around 1.9 megatonnes netto, of which 1.4 mtonnes is Carbon Capture and Storage. Bruto GHG emissions are around 3.4 mtonnes. [58]

Yara claims the unrendable top of investment until 2030 is 1.5 billion euro’s. The price of prevented CO2 emissions per ton would be 60-80 euro’s. Yara claims this is a small price in comparison to for example the price of electrical vehicles. Yara also claims that their production is up to four times as efficient as Chinese producers and therefore they need help to become more sustainable [59]

Due Diligence

Keep the broader context in mind. Is the company integer when it comes to deforestation, palm oil, biodiversity, human rights etc etc? Be critical in the sources used here.

Conclusion

The Dutch branch of Yara is part of a large, influential global fertilizing company. The dutch branch of Yara makes up for a fair share of Yara’s total production and the production of fertilizers in general. Profit margins of the dutch production are small, but the mothercompany is financially healthy. Yara has reduces emissions since 1990 with nearly 60%, but is still one of the larger polluters in the Netherlands. Yara relies mainly on technological solutions and reuse of CO2 to reduce their emissions. The targets are in line with the Paris Agreement. Recent years however emissions only reduced slightly so reasonable effort is needed and expected to reduce emissions further.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/
  2. ↑ Yara. (n.d). History. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 on https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/our-history/
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  4. ↑ https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/
  5. ↑ Yara Sluiskil. (2022). Climate Roadmap 2030.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Yara Sluiskil. (n.d.) Duurzaamheidsmagazine 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022, from https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/downloads/
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Yara. (n.d.) Yara Country-by-Country Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  8. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/
  9. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 155
  10. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 167
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Yara. (n.d.) Yara Executive Remuneration Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  12. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 203
  13. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 201
  14. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 213
  15. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3
  16. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 20
  17. ↑ https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/
  18. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 70
  19. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 87
  20. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 28
  21. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 35
  22. ↑ https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/
  23. ↑ https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/14024045/yara-vermindert-ammoniakproductie-het-gas-is-onbetaalbaar
  24. ↑ https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/
  25. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
  26. ↑ https://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer
  27. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2015/yara-annual-report-2015.pdf/
  28. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2016/yara_annual_report_en_web.pdf/
  29. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2017/yara-annual-report-2017-web.pdf/
  30. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2018/yara-annual-report-2018-web.pdf/
  31. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2019/yara-annual-report-2019-web.pdf/
  32. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/
  33. ↑ Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  34. ↑ Rasin, L. (2021, May 31). Belarus opposition to Norway’s Yara: “Building a business on blood is not allowed in the 21st century”. Norway Today. Retrieved from https://norwaytoday.info/news/belarus-opposition-to-norways-yara-building-a-business-on-blood-is-not-allowed-in-the-21st-century/
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Yara. (2022). Yara Sustainability Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  36. ↑ Yara. (2016). Yara GRI Reporting 2015. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2016/
  37. ↑ Yara. (2017) Yara's GRI Report 2016. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2017/
  38. ↑ Yara. (2018). Yara GRI Report 2017. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2018/
  39. ↑ Yara. (2019). Yara GRI Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2019/
  40. ↑ Yara. (2020). Yara GRI Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2020/
  41. ↑ Yara. (n.d.) Yara Sustainability Report 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/sustainability/sustainability-reporting/reports-and-publications-2021/
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Meelker, E. & Ariëns, H. (2022, May 4). Poetin zet ook de Nederlandse boer het mes op de keel. Follow the Money. Retrieved from https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/kunstmest-gasprijs-poetin-1?share=15WQNhIKs1unvZUprYcrGXC8vvIIjeMfI9Jwx2L2D9TnI1ODgmq6t7y1Wun4tZY%3D
  43. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12
  44. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12
  45. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf
  46. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf
  47. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/siteassets/2200997-duurzaamheidsverslag.pdf/ p. 5
  48. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
  49. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 53
  50. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57
  51. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57
  52. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 93
  53. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
  54. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3
  55. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4
  56. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/
  57. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/
  58. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4
  59. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
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