ABN AMRO

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ABN AMRO Bank N.V.
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Quick Facts
TypePublic
sectorFinancial Services
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)Amsterdam, Netherlands
Year of Origin1991
Emissions (All Scopes)26,3 Megatons of CO2 (2021)
Net IncomeEUR 2,325 billion (2020)
Key PeopleRobert Swaak (Chairman and CEO), Lars Kramer (CFO)
Subsidiaries
Retail Banking
  • ABN AMRO Hypotheken Groep
  • ABN AMRO Verzekeringen
  • ABN AMRO Pensions
  • ALFAM
  • International Card Services
  • Moneyou

Private Banking

  • Banque Neuflize OBC
  • Bethmann Bank

Corporate Banking

  • ABN AMRO Clearing
  • ABN AMRO Commercial Finance
  • ABN AMRO Lease

Group Functions

  • ABN AMRO Funding USA LLC
  • Stater
  • Beter

ABN AMRO Bank N.V., stylized as ABN AMRO, the third-largest bank of the Netherlands, has its headquarters in Amsterdam [1]. It was established during the financial crisis of 2007 through a merger of the former Fortis Bank Nederland and former ABN AMRO Holding N.V. In 2015, ABN AMRO was publicly re-listed through an initial public offering (IPO) by the Dutch government. In 2021, ABN AMRO had a total of 19,957 employees (FTEs) worldwide, with 16,925 of that number employed in The Netherlands [2]. The banking company has 24 offices in the Netherlands and is active on 5 continents. Their current stock market value is 10.4 billion EUR[3] and they have over 5 million accounts[4].

Company Structure

ABN AMRO works with two boards, the Executive Board and the Supervisory Board. The Executive Board is the statutory managing board and is responsible for (i) the general course of business of ABN AMRO, ensuring compliance with laws and regulations and the adequate financing of its activities; (ii) the continuity of ABN AMRO and its business, aimed at long-term value creation for ABN AMRO and taking into account interests of stakeholders, and (iii) setting ABN AMRO's mission, vision, strategy, risk appetite, corporate standards and values, risk framework, main policies, budgets, financial and non-financial targets, and for the realization thereof [5]. The Supervisory Board, on the other hand, supervises, advises, challenges and supports the Executive Board in the exercise of its power and duties. Together with the Executive Board, the Supervisory Board is responsible for ABN AMRO's long-term value creation, requiring members to execute their duties in a sustainable manner with due observance of the long-term viability of the strategy being pursued [5].

Executive Board

Executive Board [6]
Name Function Remuneration x1000EUR [7]
Robbert Swaak Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) 770.618
Christian Bornfeld Vice Chairman and Chief Innovation & Technology Officer 654.159
Tanja Cuppen Chief Risk Officer 654.159
Dan Dorner Chief Commercial Officer Corporate Banking 654.159
Choy van der Hooft-Cheong Chief Commercial Officer Wealth Management 654.159
Lars Kramer Chief Financial Officer 654.159
Gerard Penning Chief Human Resources Officer 654.159
Annerie Vreugdenhil Chief Commercial Officer Personal & Business Banking 654.159

The remuneration includes only the fixed base salary, as determined for the period from 1 July 2021 to 1 January 2022, and excludes benefits such as pension-related contributions, compensation for lease car expenses, and other short-term benefits or bonusses [8].

Supervisory Board

Supervisory Board [9]
Name Function Remuneration x1000EUR [10]
Tom de Swaan Chairman 99.011
Arjen Dorland Vice-Chairman 82.955
Laetitia Griffith Member 80.279
Michiel Lap Member 80.279
Anna Storåkers Member 80.279
Mariken Tannemaat Member 80.279
Tjalling Tiemstra Member 82.955

Remuneration for Supervisory Board members has been determined as such for the period from 1 July 2021 until 1 January 2022 [11]:

  • Membership of the Supervisory Board: EUR 53,519 (EUR 69,575 for the Chair)
  • Membership of a Committee: EUR 13,380 (EUR 16,056 for the Chair)

The remuneration for Supervisory Board committee membership is limited to two committee memberships.

Accountant

The independent auditors of ABN AMRO are KPMG and Ernst & Young Accountants LLP (EY) [12].

Main Activities

ABN AMRO's business performance is made up of Retail Banking, Commercial Banking, Private Banking, Corporate & Institutional Banking, and Group Functions. ABN AMRO sells shares on the public stock market for around 12-13 EUR. Most of these shares, 50.1% of the total, are held by Stichting Administratiekantoor Continuïnteit ABN AMRO Bank (STAK AAB), the rest of the shares, 469.1 million, are held directly by NL Financial Investments (NFLI)[13]. ABN AMRO itself has not received NOW support but invests fraudulent cases regarding these subsidies.

Government

ABN AMRO does not have royal status [14]. ABN AMRO has not received NOW support from the Dutch government [15].

Paris Agreement to Today

ABN AMRO was the first bank in Europe to issue a Certified Climate Bond. The bond proceeds will be used to finance loans related to residential and commercial buildings that meet certain energy-efficiency or low-carbon criteria. In April 2018, they were the first issuer of a Certified Climate Bond that uses the new Marine Renewable Energy criteria. This bond supports 4 offshore wind farms in the North Sea.[16]

As of March 2018, ABN AMRO had a share of USD 168 million in Royal Dutch Shell. Over the period January 2016 - September 2021, ABN AMRO provided a corporate loan of USD 196 million to Cambo oil field.[17]

In the period 2018-2020, ABN AMRO provided EUR 1.6 billion in bank loans and underwriting to fossil fuels. Over that period, ABN AMRO increased the proportion of renewable energy in its energy sector credits from 31% to 48%. At the end of 2020, ABN AMRO had 234 million euros invested in energy, with a share of 71% in fossil fuels, and 29% in renewables [18].

As of May 2019, ABN Amro Clearing (AAC), a subsidiary of ABN Amro, supports an international project for reforestation aimed at restoring old forests to its former glory. The corporate bank unit started this together with Land Life Company, a Dutch tree planting company. Through this project, AAC aims to achieve tangible sustainable results by planting new forests in Chicago and Spain. The intention is that these two projects form the prelude to more projects spread around the world [19].


Financial Results since 2015

Financial situation ABN AMRO
Year Revenue Profit Dividend
2015 [20] 8.455 billion EUR 1.919 billion EUR 0.761 billion EUR
2016 [21] 8.227 billion EUR 1.805 billion EUR 0.789 billion EUR
2017 [22] 9.290 billion EUR 2.721 billion EUR 1.363 billion EUR
2018 [23] 9.093 billion EUR 2.207 billion EUR 1.363 billion EUR
2019 [24] 8.605 billion EUR 2.046 billion EUR 1.203 billion EUR
2020 [25] 7.916 billion EUR 0.045 billion EUR (loss) 0 billion EUR
2021 [26] 7.597 billion EUR 1.231 billion EUR 0.573 billion EUR

In response to the exceptional and challenging circumstances of COVID-19 and the net loss recorded in 2020, the European Central Bank (ECB) recommended temporary suspension of all cash dividends and share buybacks in March 2020 [27].

Scandals and controversies

Dakota Access Pipeline

In 2016, a year after the Paris Agreement, ABN AMRO made an investment of 45 million US Dollars in Energy Transfer Equity (ETE), who financed the Dakota Access Pipeline [28] [29]. Forbes reported that, after the pipeline's first year of operation, it was transporting over 79,000 m3 of oil per day and had already transported 29.02 million m3 of oil [30]. Besides the detrimental effects on the climate, the pipeline flows directly underneath the Missouri River - threatening the water source of many Americans - and crosses territories of indigenous nations, such as the Lakota Treaty Territory and Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, - infringing on their rights as native people [28]. Following this, the planned construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline became subject to numerous protests for indigenous rights and climate change activism [31]. In a press release published on February 2nd 2017, ABN AMRO stated that they will stop the financing of Energy Transfer Equity (ETE), the mother company of Energy Transfer Partners (ETP). ETP is one of the companies involved in the construction of the pipeline [32] [33] [34]. ABN AMRO's decision was precedented by media publicity and protests by, among others, Oxfam Novib, Fossil Free NL and De Eerlijke Bankwijzer [35] [28] [36].

Current Emissions

ABN AMRO says that its purpose is "Banking for better, for generations to come." To support this purpose, they have a bank-wide goal to bring their lending and client-investment portfolio in line with at least a well-below-2°C scenario and to support the transition to a net-zero economy by 2050.[37]

ABN AMRO have been capturing and reporting the greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions from their business operations for a number of years. The majority of their overall GHG footprint lies in their lending and client-investment portfolio (i.e., scope 3), and initially there was no consistent approach to capturing this information across the industry. To address this, in 2015 ABN AMRO partnered with 13 other Dutch financial institutions to launch the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials [38] (PCAF). Since 2018, ABN AMRO used PCAF to disclose the emissions financed by their lending and investment portfolios across all asset classes on their balance sheet that currently have a methodology available (currently out-of-scope asset classes include consumer lending, institutions, central banks and governments).[39]

Over 2021, ABN AMRO reported a total of 26,287 KtCO2e (kilo tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalents) in GHG emissions in scope 3 (down from 41,179 KtCO2e in 2020). The vast majority of this, over 80%, are from corporate loans and non-listed equity. ABN AMRO further reported a total of 6.65 KtCO2e in scope 1&2 carbon emissions of their private-banking operations (down from 9.38 KtCO2e in 2020) [40] [41].

Total emissions: 26,293 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021)
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
3.49 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021) 3.16 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021) 26,287 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021)

Scope 1 and 2

GHG Emissions (megatons of CO2e)
GHG Emissions 2018 2019 2020
Scope 1 GHG Emissions 28,4 27,2 28,2
Scope 2 GHG Emissions - Market-Based 6,66 6,07 6,56
Scope 2 GHG Emissions - Location-Based 7,6 5,2 4,9
Scope 1 + Scope 2 GHG Emissions 35,06 33,27 34,76
Total emissions since 2015 ( in kilotonnes CO2-eq.)
Year Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total
2015 XXX XXX XXX XXX
2016 XXX XXX XXX XXX
2017 XXX XXX XXX XXX
2018 [42] 12.39 1.92 30,257 30,271
2019 [43] 13.29 8.17 29,447 29,468
2020 [44] [45] 5.98 3.40 41,170 41,179
2021 [46] 3.49 3.16 26,287 26,293

Climate Policies and Plans

They also state that they are subject to the French Law on Energy Transition and Green Growth[47]. Recently they adopted further regulations through the Law of No. 2019-1147 regarding Energy and Climate.[48]

Climate Statement

In July 2020, ABN AMRO released a climate statement acknowledging its role in achieving the Paris Agreement objective and stating that their purpose "Banking for better, for generations to come" and their bank-wide strategy to "Accelerate the sustainability shift" aligns with the Paris Agreement's goals. In this statement, the bank presents the 'ABN AMRO Climate Strategy'. The goal of this strategy is formulated as follows: "The ABN AMRO bank-wide goal is to bring our lending and client investment portfolio in line with at least a well-below 2-degree scenario and to support the transition to a net-zero economy in 2050 [49].

The bank mentions that key to achieving their goal is their cyclic approach of measuring, setting targets and reporting, which is taken at all relevant levels: their lending profile, their investment portfolio and their own operations. Their approach for the three relevant levels includes targets such as (1) aiming that 20% of their total energy portfolio is renewable energy in 2020, (2) increasing their sustainable investments (client assets) to 22.5 billion euros in 2020 and 30 billion euros by 2022, (3) aiming for all of their offices and branches in The Netherlands to achieve energy label A by 2023, and (4) aiming for 25% of their lease car fleet to be electric by 2020 and 100% electric by 2025. They mentioned that the cyclic approach follows from their commitments on climate such as the Principles for Responsible Banking and the Dutch Financial Sector Climate Accord and that their Climate Statement is a living document that will be updates at least annually to reflect their actions and endeavors [50].

ABN AMRO furthermore adds to their statement that they do not yet know with certainty where they stand in their pathway to bringing their portfolios in line with the Paris Agreement and that measuring is therefore a crucial starting point.

ABN AMRO states that they are committed to climate action through, among others, the following initiatives:

1. Accounting for Sustainability (A4S) [51]

2. Dutch Climate Accord (financial sector) [52]

3. Equator Principles [53]

4. Getting to Zero Coalition [54]

5. Partnership Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) [55]

6. Poseidon Principles [56]

7. Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) [57]

8. Spitsbergen ambitie [58]

9. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [59]

10. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) - Pilot 2.0 for Banks [60]

11. UN Principles for Responsible Banking (PRB) [61]

12. UN Principles for Responsible Investing (PRI) [62]

Paris Alignment Report

In March 2021, ABN AMRO released a report called 'Guiding a Bank's portfolio to Paris: Our journey of Paris alignment 2021', in which they state the actions the bank is taking to achieve the Paris climate goals and how they measure their progress [63]. In this report, the bank formulates their goals and targets for five identified sectors: (1) Business operations, (2) Energy (fossil fuels and power generation), (3) Commercial real estate, (4) Residential real estate - mortgages, and (5) Investment services [63].

One of the mentioned targets is to reduce the absolute Scope 1, 2 and 3 greenhouse gas emissions of its business operations by 80 percent in 2025 compared with 2015. However, steps still need to be taken in the area of carbon emission reporting in order to accurately measure ABN AMRO's total emissions and be able to implement reduction plans. For their investment services, the bank considers the starting point of the companies in the client's investment portfolio using a carbon emissions measurement that is primarily focused on documenting Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. Scope 3 emissions are not included in their analyses due to poor data availability and reliability and there are no specific thresholds that companies need to meet to be selected for investments [63].

By 2024, ABN AMRO aims to increase the proportion of renewable energy in their Energy portfolio as a whole (including all subsectors) to 45 percent. The bank has not committed itself to fully divest from carbon intensive energy [63].

By 2030, ABN AMRO is aiming for its commercial real estate portfolio to have a weighted average energy label A. The first intermediate goal is to have a weighted average energy label C for this portfolio in 2025, which can be achieved with existing and proven solutions like improved glazing, solar power and LED lighting. For the transition from energy label C to A, they expect that new technologies will provide their clients with the necessary tools to reach this goal [63].

Conclusion

Beschrijving of de plannen in lijn zijn met 'Parijs'

References

  1. ↑ https://www.abnamro.nl/nl/prive/abnamro/index.html
  2. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/download-centre
  3. ↑ https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/ABN:NA
  4. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/nl/over-abn-amro/landingspagina/onze-organisatie
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  6. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/executive-board
  7. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  8. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  9. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/supervisory-board
  10. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  11. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  12. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  13. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/nl/over-abn-amro/product/aandeelhoudersstructuur
  14. ↑ https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/predicaat-koninklijk/overzicht-predicaat-koninklijk
  15. ↑ https://www.uwv.nl/overuwv/Images/uwv-register-now-vijfde-aanvraagperiode.pdf
  16. ↑ https://www.climatebonds.net/certification/abn-amro
  17. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/bank/abn_amro#dodgy_deals
  18. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/497252/2021-10-praktijkonderzoek-fossiel-versus-duurzame-energie.pdf
  19. ↑ https://www.banken.nl/nieuws/21640/abn-amro-ondersteunt-internationaal-project-voor-herbebossing
  20. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/78RFGMsOQYq8AFxGPtlv64/d40162018eaeb04f869e8f2ba6e29cef/ABN_AMRO_Annual_Report_2015.pdf
  21. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/4IYoIX0QaK9PzuIoOIb8Gx/6ee5c5b75ff01cbea36a5cafe9390fb2/ABN_AMRO_Group_Annual_Report_2016.pdf
  22. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3JSbLLPhZDlOAKAgIz7xP7/5f0d02c22d6cf5d565e8ddfee68acef3/ABN_AMRO_Group_Annual_Report_2017.pdf
  23. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5RVtEMp5b4eM2eRtdgfQ8e/57569da20c8185fcde50fbd57d3db7f2/ABN_AMRO_Group_Annual-Report_2018.pdf
  24. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3xQYD4WZ5IkMON5qOg9MUL/06808331e445b105f51436335f8f31dd/ABN_AMRO_Bank_Annual_Report_2019.pdf
  25. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1IHlVdHZhHfAR8ODgWySms/ab7a4883991a87691f05796a2bea6524/ABN_AMRO_____Annual_Report_2020.pdf
  26. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  27. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1IHlVdHZhHfAR8ODgWySms/ab7a4883991a87691f05796a2bea6524/ABN_AMRO_____Annual_Report_2020.pdf
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 https://gofossilfree.org/nl/the-utrecht-universitys-bank-abn-amro-is-complicit-in-climate-destruction/
  29. ↑ https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2016/09/05/whos-banking-on-the-dakota-access-pipeline/
  30. ↑ https://www.forbes.com/sites/brighammccown/2018/06/04/what-ever-happened-to-the-dakota-access-pipeline/#18c27fec4055
  31. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/03/north-dakota-access-oil-pipeline-protests-explainer
  32. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/bankwijzer/nieuws/2016/abn-amro-stopt-financiering-bedrijf-achter-aanleg-omstreden-dakota-oliepijpleiding/
  33. ↑ https://www.change.inc/finance/abn-amro-wil-vreedzame-oplossing-bij-aanleg-dakota-pijplijn-20859
  34. ↑ https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/abn-amro-stopt-financiering-dakota-access-pijpleiding~b82bbaa2/
  35. ↑ https://www.oxfamnovib.nl/nieuws/oxfam-novib-wil-uitleg-van-ing-over-dakota-pipeline
  36. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/bankwijzer/nieuws/2016/ing-abn-amro-trek-je-terug-uit-de-dakota-oliepijpleiding-en-luister-naar-de-sioux/
  37. ↑ https://usermanual.wiki/m/3a037d09e0a09ff6c252bd628768c5a9a3d09b898110e6e7550ee673cc127f2d
  38. ↑ https://carbonaccountingfinancials.com/
  39. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1olpiWHspce4AM7JExHm0a/b9dc3ce18d9f8a1e3fd5c5494c185733/ABN-AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2020.pdf
  40. ↑ https://www.accountingforsustainability.org/en/knowledge-hub/case-studies/abn-amro-measuring-reporting-steering-financed-emissions.html
  41. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/download-centre
  42. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3S73vkPad65m2F5cRJqE41/ec39b431311297336fb420c869346309/ABN_AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2019.pdf
  43. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3S73vkPad65m2F5cRJqE41/ec39b431311297336fb420c869346309/ABN_AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2019.pdf
  44. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1olpiWHspce4AM7JExHm0a/b9dc3ce18d9f8a1e3fd5c5494c185733/ABN-AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2020.pdf
  45. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/reporting
  46. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/reporting
  47. ↑ https://climate-laws.org/geographies/france/laws/law-no-2015-992-on-energy-transition-for-green-growth-energy-transition-law
  48. ↑ https://climate-laws.org/geographies/france/laws/law-no-2019-1147-on-energy-and-the-climate
  49. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
  50. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
  51. ↑ https://www.accountingforsustainability.org/en/index.html
  52. ↑ https://www.nvb.nl/english/50-financial-institutions-sign-up-for-climate-goals/
  53. ↑ https://equator-principles.com/about-the-equator-principles/
  54. ↑ https://www.globalmaritimeforum.org/getting-to-zero-coalition/
  55. ↑ https://carbonaccountingfinancials.com/about
  56. ↑ https://www.poseidonprinciples.org/finance/about/
  57. ↑ https://sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action/
  58. ↑ https://gallery.mailchimp.com/7c79c1a3f0cd9992392724f59/files/b95b5c7d-2fc3-4bd9-b98f-10e54725ac31/Spitsbergen_Expeditie_2018_LR.02.pdf?utm_source=Perscontacten+van+Bernice+Notenboom&utm_campaign=9f4c4b35d6-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_04_27_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f785d8812e-9f4c4b35d6-41960951
  59. ↑ https://www.sdgnederland.nl/
  60. ↑ https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/about/
  61. ↑ https://www.unepfi.org/banking/bankingprinciples/
  62. ↑ https://www.unpri.org/
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/2zR80rifcwjQsML9vP5XFQ/6dbe49127fd5d34dec98115e2fbde240/ABN_AMRO_Guiding_a_Bank-s_Portfolio_to_Paris.pdf
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