Difference between revisions of "ABN AMRO"

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== Conclusion ==
== Conclusion ==
ABN AMRO is a major financial player, being the third largest bank in The Netherlands. Despite its primary function within the Dutch financial sector, the bank limits its ambitions to targets that are already required sector-wide. ABN AMRO has so far not set concrete targets that align with the 1.5 degree target of the Paris agreement, but instead aims towards a 'well-below 2 degree scenario'. While the bank has made considerable steps in reporting their own scope 3 emissions since 2018, they do not currently include the scope 3 emissions of companies they will potentially invest in, in their analysis. In addition, they currently do not have set requirements that need to be met in order for a company to be eligible for investment. In the recent years after the Paris Agreement, ABN AMRO has invested and continues to invest in multiple controversial companies and projects, such as Shell, the Cambo Oil Field and Minerva Foods.
ABN AMRO is a major financial player, being the third largest bank in The Netherlands. Despite its primary function within the Dutch financial sector, the bank limits its ambitions to targets that are already required sector-wide. ABN AMRO has so far not set concrete targets that align with the 1.5 degree target of the Paris agreement, but instead aims towards a 'well-below 2 degree scenario'. While the bank has made considerable steps in reporting their own scope 3 emissions since 2018, they do not currently include the scope 3 emissions of companies they will potentially invest in, in their analysis. In addition, they currently do not have set requirements that need to be met in order for a company to be eligible for investment. In the recent years after the Paris Agreement, ABN AMRO has invested and continues to invest in multiple controversial companies and projects, such as Shell, the Cambo Oil Field and Minerva Foods. Their goal of increasing their sustainable investments to 30 billion euros by 2022 is a start, but, in comparison to their total investments in client assets in 2021, this would represent just a meagre 14% of their investment portfolio.


==  References ==
==  References ==

Revision as of 14:20, 30 March 2022

ABN AMRO Bank N.V.
Bedrijf Logo
Quick Facts
TypePublic
sectorFinancial Services
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)Amsterdam, Netherlands
Year of Origin1991
Emissions (All Scopes)26,3 Megatons of CO2 (2021)
Total RevenueUSDxxxBillion (2020)
Stock ExchangeBijv. Tokio, Amsterdam
Key PeopleRobert Swaak (Chairman and CEO), Lars Kramer (CFO)
Number of EmployeesXXX
Subsidiaries
Retail Banking
  • ABN AMRO Hypotheken Groep
  • ABN AMRO Verzekeringen
  • ABN AMRO Pensions
  • ALFAM
  • International Card Services
  • Moneyou

Private Banking

  • Banque Neuflize OBC
  • Bethmann Bank

Corporate Banking

  • ABN AMRO Clearing
  • ABN AMRO Commercial Finance
  • ABN AMRO Lease

Group Functions

  • ABN AMRO Funding USA LLC
  • Stater
  • Beter

ABN AMRO Bank N.V., stylized as ABN AMRO, the third-largest bank of the Netherlands, has its headquarters in Amsterdam [1]. It was established during the financial crisis of 2007 through a merger of the former Fortis Bank Nederland and former ABN AMRO Holding N.V. In 2015, ABN AMRO was publicly re-listed through an initial public offering (IPO) by the Dutch government. In 2021, ABN AMRO had a total of 19,957 employees (FTEs) worldwide, with 16,925 of that number employed in The Netherlands [2]. The banking company has 24 offices in the Netherlands and is active on 5 continents. Their current stock market value is 10.4 billion EUR[3] and they have over 5 million accounts[4].

Company Structure

ABN AMRO works with two boards, the Executive Board and the Supervisory Board. The Executive Board is the statutory managing board and is responsible for (i) the general course of business of ABN AMRO, ensuring compliance with laws and regulations and the adequate financing of its activities; (ii) the continuity of ABN AMRO and its business, aimed at long-term value creation for ABN AMRO and taking into account interests of stakeholders, and (iii) setting ABN AMRO's mission, vision, strategy, risk appetite, corporate standards and values, risk framework, main policies, budgets, financial and non-financial targets, and for the realization thereof [5]. The Supervisory Board, on the other hand, supervises, advises, challenges and supports the Executive Board in the exercise of its power and duties. Together with the Executive Board, the Supervisory Board is responsible for ABN AMRO's long-term value creation, requiring members to execute their duties in a sustainable manner with due observance of the long-term viability of the strategy being pursued [5].

Executive Board

Executive Board [6]
Name Function Remuneration x1000EUR [7]
Robbert Swaak Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) 770.618
Christian Bornfeld Vice Chairman and Chief Innovation & Technology Officer 654.159
Tanja Cuppen Chief Risk Officer 654.159
Dan Dorner Chief Commercial Officer Corporate Banking 654.159
Choy van der Hooft-Cheong Chief Commercial Officer Wealth Management 654.159
Lars Kramer Chief Financial Officer 654.159
Gerard Penning Chief Human Resources Officer 654.159
Annerie Vreugdenhil Chief Commercial Officer Personal & Business Banking 654.159

The remuneration includes only the fixed base salary, as determined for the period from 1 July 2021 to 1 January 2022, and excludes benefits such as pension-related contributions, compensation for lease car expenses, and other short-term benefits or bonusses [8].

Supervisory Board

Supervisory Board [9]
Name Function Remuneration x1000EUR [10]
Tom de Swaan Chairman 99.011
Arjen Dorland Vice-Chairman 82.955
Laetitia Griffith Member 80.279
Michiel Lap Member 80.279
Anna Storåkers Member 80.279
Mariken Tannemaat Member 80.279
Tjalling Tiemstra Member 82.955

Remuneration for Supervisory Board members has been determined as such for the period from 1 July 2021 until 1 January 2022 [11]:

  • Membership of the Supervisory Board: EUR 53,519 (EUR 69,575 for the Chair)
  • Membership of a Committee: EUR 13,380 (EUR 16,056 for the Chair)

The remuneration for Supervisory Board committee membership is limited to two committee memberships.

Accountant

The independent auditors of ABN AMRO are KPMG and Ernst & Young Accountants LLP (EY) [12].

Main Activities

ABN AMRO's business performance is made up of Retail Banking, Commercial Banking, Private Banking, Corporate & Institutional Banking, and Group Functions. ABN AMRO sells shares on the public stock market for around 12-13 EUR. Most of these shares, 50.1% of the total, are held by Stichting Administratiekantoor Continuïnteit ABN AMRO Bank (STAK AAB), the rest of the shares, 469.1 million, are held directly by NL Financial Investments (NFLI)[13]. ABN AMRO itself has not received NOW support but invests in fraudulent cases regarding these subsidies.

Government

ABN AMRO does not have royal status [14]. ABN AMRO has not received NOW support from the Dutch government [15].

Paris Agreement to Today

ABN AMRO has provided a corporate loan of 313 million US Dollars from 2013 to 2018 to the soy and palm oil company Bunge, which has been associated with human rights violations against land and environmental defenders and the deforestation of 60,000 hectares in Brazil [16].

In May 2016 ABN AMRO was involved in providing a loan to Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL), an Indonesia-based company with activities ranging from paper, palm oil, construction and energy business sectors. This is despite the fact that the bank informed Greenpeace in March 2015 that they would not finance new loans to APRIL until the company had stopped deforestation and proved that it can work sustainably [17]. In June 2019 it was further reported that ABN AMRO was part of a large new syndicated loan to APRIL as of December 2018 and continues engaging with the company [18].

In 2016 and 2017, ABN AMRO provided 3 billion euros in bank loans to fossil energy companies, which constituted to 82% of its energy loans. This was a relatively large increase compared to the period 2013-2014, when ABN AMRO invested 68% of its energy loans in fossil energy companies [19].

Over the period January 2016 - September 2021, ABN AMRO provided a corporate loan of USD 196 million to the Cambo oil field.[20]

ABN AMRO was the first bank in Europe to issue a Certified Climate Bond. The bond proceeds will be used to finance loans related to residential and commercial buildings that meet certain energy-efficiency or low-carbon criteria. In April 2018, they were the first issuer of a Certified Climate Bond that uses the new Marine Renewable Energy criteria. This bond supports 4 offshore wind farms in the North Sea.[21]

As of March 2018, ABN AMRO has a share of USD 168 million in Royal Dutch Shell [22].

In the period 2018-2020, ABN AMRO provided EUR 1.6 billion in bank loans and underwriting to fossil fuels. Over that period, ABN AMRO increased the proportion of renewable energy in its energy sector credits from 31% to 48%. At the end of 2020, ABN AMRO had 234 million euros invested in energy, with a share of 71% in fossil fuels, and 29% in renewables [23].

As of May 2019, ABN Amro Clearing (AAC), a subsidiary of ABN Amro, supports an international project for reforestation aimed at restoring old forests to its former glory. The corporate bank unit started this together with Land Life Company, a Dutch tree planting company. Through this project, AAC aims to achieve tangible sustainable results by planting new forests in Chicago and Spain. The intention is that these two projects form the prelude to more projects spread around the world [24].

As of March 2019, ABN AMRO holds 0.1% shares, worth 0.3 million US Dollars, in Minerva Foods, a Brazilian livestock company and one of the largest South American companies involved in the production of beef and its by-products, meat processing, and cattle export. In 2020 the bank's shareholding increased to 0.466 million US Dollars [25]. Minerva Foods has caused a lot of controversy due to its deforestation practices and land right abuses in the Amazon [26].

In February 2020, new research from the 'Eerlijke Bankwijzer' and Greenpeace found that over the period from 2016 to 2019, ABN AMRO lent 643 million euros and invested 146 million euros in oil companies that drill in the Arctic. These loans and investments were made despite a motion being passed in the House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) in December 2014 that requested "the government to safeguard the Arctic region from oil and gas extraction during the international climate negotiations". The four companies with the largest operations and expansion plans in the Arctic region are all Russian: Gazprom, Novatek, Rosneft, and Lukoil [27].

Financial Results since 2015

Financial situation ABN AMRO
Year Revenue Profit Dividend
2015 [28] 8.455 billion EUR 1.919 billion EUR 0.761 billion EUR
2016 [29] 8.227 billion EUR 1.805 billion EUR 0.789 billion EUR
2017 [30] 9.290 billion EUR 2.721 billion EUR 1.363 billion EUR
2018 [31] 9.093 billion EUR 2.207 billion EUR 1.363 billion EUR
2019 [32] 8.605 billion EUR 2.046 billion EUR 1.203 billion EUR
2020 [33] 7.916 billion EUR 0.045 billion EUR (loss) 0 billion EUR
2021 [34] 7.597 billion EUR 1.231 billion EUR 0.573 billion EUR

Note: In response to the exceptional and challenging circumstances of COVID-19 and the net loss recorded in 2020, the European Central Bank (ECB) recommended temporary suspension of all cash dividends and share buybacks in March 2020 [35].

Scandals and controversies

Dakota Access Pipeline

In 2016, a year after the Paris Agreement, ABN AMRO made an investment of 45 million US Dollars in Energy Transfer Equity (ETE), who financed the Dakota Access Pipeline [36] [37]. Forbes reported that, after the pipeline's first year of operation, it was transporting over 79,000 m3 of oil per day and had already transported 29.02 million m3 of oil [38]. Besides the detrimental effects on the climate, the pipeline flows directly underneath the Missouri River - threatening the water source of many Americans - and crosses territories of indigenous nations, such as the Lakota Treaty Territory and Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, - infringing on their rights as native people [36]. Following this, the planned construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline became subject to numerous protests for indigenous rights and climate change activism [39]. In a press release published on February 2nd 2017, ABN AMRO stated that they will stop the financing of Energy Transfer Equity (ETE), the mother company of Energy Transfer Partners (ETP). ETP is one of the companies involved in the construction of the pipeline [40] [41] [42]. ABN AMRO's decision was precedented by media publicity and protests by, among others, Oxfam Novib, Fossil Free NL and De Eerlijke Bankwijzer [43] [36] [44].

Money Laundering Scandal

On April 19 2021, ABN AMRO released a statement that it has accepted a settlement offer of 480 million euros from the Dutch Public Prosecution Service (DPPS) in connection with the DPPS' investigation into ABN AMRO' compliance with its obligations under the Dutch Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing Act (Wet ter voorkoming van witwassen en financiering van terrorisme, AML/CFT Act) [45]. The DPPS accused ABN of violating anti-money laundering laws on a structural basis in its activities in The Netherlands during the period between 2014 and 2020. They stated that the bank "must have missed numerous signals of money laundering and other forms of financial-economic crime" because of failures in every business line its home market [46]. Prosecutors said that the 480 million euro fine "reflected the amount of money the lender saved by failing to meet requirements" [46]. ABN AMRO stated that they had already identified shortcomings in the way they implemented their 'Client Life Cycle' processes. To address these issues, they have invested heavily in remediation and enhancement programs over several years. However, they recognized that, despite these efforts and intentions, their improvement programs have not had the desired effect [45].

Current Emissions

ABN AMRO have been capturing and reporting the greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions from their business operations for a number of years. The majority of their overall GHG footprint lies in their lending and client-investment portfolio (i.e., scope 3), and initially there was no consistent approach to capturing this information across the industry. To address this, in 2015 ABN AMRO partnered with 13 other Dutch financial institutions to launch the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials [47] (PCAF). Since 2018, ABN AMRO used PCAF to disclose the emissions financed by their lending and investment portfolios across all asset classes on their balance sheet that currently have a methodology available (currently out-of-scope asset classes include consumer lending, institutions, central banks and governments)[48].

  • Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions that occur from owned or controlled sources
  • Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from the generation of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating or cooling
  • Scope 3: All indirect GHG emissions (not included in Scope 2) occurring in the value chain, including air travel and financed emissions

The financed GHG emissions are calculated according to the PCAF Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry (2020) for the corporate loan book, mortgage portfolio and client asset portfolio. Scope 1, scope 2 and scope 3 related to air travel are calculated in accordance with the guidelines from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol [49].

Total emissions: 26,293 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021)
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
3.49 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021) 3.16 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021) 26,287 Kilotonnes of CO2 (2021)

Scope 1 and 2

ABN AMRO reported a total of 6.65 KtCO2e in scope 1 & 2 carbon emissions of their private-banking operations (down from 9.38 KtCO2e in 2020) [50] [51].

GHG Emissions (kilotons of CO2e) [52] [53]
GHG Emissions 2018 2019 2020 2021
Scope 1 GHG Emissions - Tank-to-Wheel (TTW): Energy (natural gas + solar PV + other) N/A 2.80 0.44 0.55
Scope 1 GHG Emissions - Tank-to-Wheel (TTW): Mobility (lease cars - internal combustion engine) 12.39 10.49 5.54 2.94
Scope 2 GHG Emissions - Tank-to-Wheel (TTW): Energy (electricity, heating and cooling) 1.92 8.17 3.40 3.16
Scope 2 GHG Emissions - Tank-To-Wheel (TTW): Mobility (lease - electric vehicles) N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total Scope 1 + Scope 2 GHG Emissions 14.31 21.46 9.38 6.65

Note: (1) The increase in Scope 1 and 2 emissions from 2018 to 2019 is due to newly added data for ABN AMRO's activities outside of The Netherlands; (2) The decrease in Scope 1 and 2 emissions observed in 2020 and 2021 is mainly due to COVID-19 effects.

Scope 3

Over 2021, ABN AMRO reported a total of 26,287 KtCO2e (kilo tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalents) in GHG emissions in scope 3 (down from 41,170 KtCO2e in 2020). The vast majority of this, over 80%, are from corporate loans and non-listed equity.

Scope 3 emissions from ABN AMRO's own operations relate to air travel, international business rail travel, hotel visits, mobility (commuting in private vehicles and business travel), public transport, home workplace, and IT. The increase in scope 3 GHG emissions related to own operations is due to the fact that prior to 2021 only business air travel was recorded under Scope 3 emissions related to own operations.

Scope 3 emissions from the lending portfolio relate to residential mortgages, corporate loans and commercial real estate. The scope 3 emissions related to lending and investment activities totalled 26.2 million tonnes, which is down 36% from 2020. This is also impacted by the wind-down of ABN AMRO's non-core Corporate & Institutional Banking operations [54]. In 2021, their rating from the CDP - formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project - declined from A- to B.

GHG Emissions (Kilotons of CO2e)
GHG Emissions 2018 [55] 2019 [56] 2020 [57] [58] 2021 [59]
Scope 3 GHG Emissions - Total 30,257 29,447 41,170 26,287
Scope 3 GHG Emissions - Tank-to-Wheel Own Operations (TTW) 11.79 10.39 1.48 47.0
Scope 3 GHG Emissions - Emissions of Lending Portfolio 30,245 29,437 34,536 19,743
Scope 3 GHG Emissions - Emissions of Client Assets N/A N/A 6,633 6,498
Scope 3 GHG Emissions - Well-to-Tank (WTT) N/A N/A N/A 7.96

Climate Policies and Plans

ABN AMRO has stated that they are subject to the French Law on Energy Transition and Green Growth[60]. They also recently adopted further regulations through the Law of No. 2019-1147 regarding Energy and Climate.[61]

Climate Statement

In July 2020, ABN AMRO released a climate statement acknowledging its role in achieving the Paris Agreement objective and stating that their purpose "Banking for better, for generations to come" and their bank-wide strategy to "Accelerate the sustainability shift" aligns with the Paris Agreement's goals. In this statement, the bank presents the 'ABN AMRO Climate Strategy'. The goal of this strategy is formulated as follows: "The ABN AMRO bank-wide goal is to bring our lending and client investment portfolio in line with at least a well-below 2-degree scenario and to support the transition to a net-zero economy in 2050 [62]. The bank mentions that key to achieving their goal is their cyclic approach of measuring, setting targets and reporting, which is taken at all relevant levels: their lending profile, their investment portfolio and their own operations. They mentioned that the cyclic approach follows from their commitments on climate such as the Principles for Responsible Banking and the Dutch Financial Sector Climate Accord and that their Climate Statement is a living document that will be updates at least annually to reflect their actions and endeavors. [63]

Related to their investment profile, ABN AMRO has stated that they want to increase their sustainable investments (client assets) to 22.5 billion euros in 2020 and 30 billion euros by 2022. [64] However, when comparing this to their total investments in client assets of EUR 213.9 billion in 2021 [65], this represents just a meagre 14% of their investment portfolio.

Related to their own operations, ABN AMRO states that they banned business air travel for the trajectories Amsterdam - Brussel - Paris, and that they compensate their CO2 emissions related to air travel, car lease and the energy usage of the buildings they use. [66] In their Integrated Annual Report 2021, they state that they do so by investing in VCS verified carbon emission reduction projects. [67] According to research by Germanwatch (2016), VCS scores very high for the criteria 'climate integrity' (85%) and 'project viability' (72%), but scores a lot lower for the criteria 'biodiversity conservation' (5%) and 'human and community rights, stakeholder participation & sustainable community development' (2%). [68] From the absence of strong provisions for the latter two criteria and other aspects that aim to guarantee long-term project viability, it follows that VCS is not a good choice if you are looking at benefits beyond carbon offsetting. Reforestation projects with such a complete disregard for biodiversity conservation could even result in ecosystem 'disservices'. [69]

ABN AMRO furthermore adds to their statement that they do not yet know with certainty where they stand in their pathway to bringing their portfolios in line with the Paris Agreement and that measuring is therefore a crucial starting point. It is only in recent years that the bank started measuring their scope 3 emissions and benchmarking their energy portfolio against the Paris Agreement objective. They have stated that they are currently reviewing and updating the requirements for their corporate clients in the energy sector and that they are also reviewing the climate requirements for their corporate clients in other sectors.

ABN AMRO states that they are committed to climate action through, among others, the following initiatives:

1. Accounting for Sustainability (A4S) [70]

2. Dutch Climate Accord (financial sector) [71]

3. Equator Principles [72]

4. Getting to Zero Coalition [73]

5. Partnership Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) [74]

6. Poseidon Principles [75]

7. Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) [76]

8. Spitsbergen ambitie [77]

9. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [78]

10. Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) - Pilot 2.0 for Banks [79]

11. UN Principles for Responsible Banking (PRB) [80]

12. UN Principles for Responsible Investing (PRI) [81]

Paris Alignment Report

In March 2021, ABN AMRO released a report called 'Guiding a Bank's portfolio to Paris: Our journey of Paris alignment 2021', in which they state the actions the bank is taking to achieve the Paris climate goals and how they measure their progress [82]. In this report, the bank formulates their goals and targets for five identified sectors: (1) Business operations, (2) Energy (fossil fuels and power generation), (3) Commercial real estate, (4) Residential real estate - mortgages, and (5) Investment services [82].

One of the mentioned targets is to reduce the absolute Scope 1, 2 and 3 greenhouse gas emissions of its business operations by 80 percent in 2025 compared with 2015. However, steps still need to be taken in the area of carbon emission reporting in order to accurately measure ABN AMRO's total emissions and be able to implement reduction plans. For their investment services, the bank considers the starting point of the companies in the client's investment portfolio using a carbon emissions measurement that is primarily focused on documenting Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. Scope 3 emissions are not included in their analyses due to poor data availability and reliability and there are no specific thresholds that companies need to meet to be selected for investments [82].

By 2024, ABN AMRO aims to increase the proportion of renewable energy in their Energy portfolio as a whole (including all subsectors) to 45 percent. The bank has not committed itself to fully divest from carbon intensive energy [82].

By 2030, ABN AMRO is aiming for its commercial real estate portfolio to have a weighted average energy label A. The first intermediate goal is to have a weighted average energy label C for this portfolio in 2025, which can be achieved with existing and proven solutions like improved glazing, solar power and LED lighting. For the transition from energy label C to A, they rely on the expectation that new technologies will provide their clients with the necessary tools to reach this goal [82].

Due Diligence

In ABN AMRO's climate statement, which was released in 2020, they state that they exclude large-scale ruminant farming, new coal-fired power plants and the acquisition or building of thermal coal mines from financing because of their impact on climate [83].

Conclusion

ABN AMRO is a major financial player, being the third largest bank in The Netherlands. Despite its primary function within the Dutch financial sector, the bank limits its ambitions to targets that are already required sector-wide. ABN AMRO has so far not set concrete targets that align with the 1.5 degree target of the Paris agreement, but instead aims towards a 'well-below 2 degree scenario'. While the bank has made considerable steps in reporting their own scope 3 emissions since 2018, they do not currently include the scope 3 emissions of companies they will potentially invest in, in their analysis. In addition, they currently do not have set requirements that need to be met in order for a company to be eligible for investment. In the recent years after the Paris Agreement, ABN AMRO has invested and continues to invest in multiple controversial companies and projects, such as Shell, the Cambo Oil Field and Minerva Foods. Their goal of increasing their sustainable investments to 30 billion euros by 2022 is a start, but, in comparison to their total investments in client assets in 2021, this would represent just a meagre 14% of their investment portfolio.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.abnamro.nl/nl/prive/abnamro/index.html
  2. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/download-centre
  3. ↑ https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/ABN:NA
  4. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/nl/over-abn-amro/landingspagina/onze-organisatie
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  6. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/executive-board
  7. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  8. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  9. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/supervisory-board
  10. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  11. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5uepcKMdxgjN67rUbIMSd0/9f72b82cf25de8f0fec5f14fa440ef9d/ABN_AMRO_Remuneration_report_2021.pdf
  12. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  13. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/nl/over-abn-amro/product/aandeelhoudersstructuur
  14. ↑ https://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/predicaat-koninklijk/overzicht-predicaat-koninklijk
  15. ↑ https://www.uwv.nl/overuwv/Images/uwv-register-now-vijfde-aanvraagperiode.pdf
  16. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/article/dutch_financial_sector_european_frontrunner_in_financing_deforestation
  17. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/company/april#updates
  18. ↑ https://environmentalpaper.org/2019/06/abn-amro-exposed-to-risk-for-financing-april/
  19. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/bankwijzer/nieuws/2018/nog-steeds-teveel-geld-van-bankklanten-in-fossiele-energiebedrijven/
  20. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/bank/abn_amro#dodgy_deals
  21. ↑ https://www.climatebonds.net/certification/abn-amro
  22. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/bank/abn_amro#dodgy_deals
  23. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/497252/2021-10-praktijkonderzoek-fossiel-versus-duurzame-energie.pdf
  24. ↑ https://www.banken.nl/nieuws/21640/abn-amro-ondersteunt-internationaal-project-voor-herbebossing
  25. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/bank/abn_amro#dodgy_deals
  26. ↑ https://www.banktrack.org/company/minerva_foods
  27. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/media/495566/2020-02-qic-oliewinning-bij-de-noordpool.pdf
  28. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/78RFGMsOQYq8AFxGPtlv64/d40162018eaeb04f869e8f2ba6e29cef/ABN_AMRO_Annual_Report_2015.pdf
  29. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/4IYoIX0QaK9PzuIoOIb8Gx/6ee5c5b75ff01cbea36a5cafe9390fb2/ABN_AMRO_Group_Annual_Report_2016.pdf
  30. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3JSbLLPhZDlOAKAgIz7xP7/5f0d02c22d6cf5d565e8ddfee68acef3/ABN_AMRO_Group_Annual_Report_2017.pdf
  31. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/5RVtEMp5b4eM2eRtdgfQ8e/57569da20c8185fcde50fbd57d3db7f2/ABN_AMRO_Group_Annual-Report_2018.pdf
  32. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3xQYD4WZ5IkMON5qOg9MUL/06808331e445b105f51436335f8f31dd/ABN_AMRO_Bank_Annual_Report_2019.pdf
  33. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1IHlVdHZhHfAR8ODgWySms/ab7a4883991a87691f05796a2bea6524/ABN_AMRO_____Annual_Report_2020.pdf
  34. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  35. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1IHlVdHZhHfAR8ODgWySms/ab7a4883991a87691f05796a2bea6524/ABN_AMRO_____Annual_Report_2020.pdf
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 https://gofossilfree.org/nl/the-utrecht-universitys-bank-abn-amro-is-complicit-in-climate-destruction/
  37. ↑ https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2016/09/05/whos-banking-on-the-dakota-access-pipeline/
  38. ↑ https://www.forbes.com/sites/brighammccown/2018/06/04/what-ever-happened-to-the-dakota-access-pipeline/#18c27fec4055
  39. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/03/north-dakota-access-oil-pipeline-protests-explainer
  40. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/bankwijzer/nieuws/2016/abn-amro-stopt-financiering-bedrijf-achter-aanleg-omstreden-dakota-oliepijpleiding/
  41. ↑ https://www.change.inc/finance/abn-amro-wil-vreedzame-oplossing-bij-aanleg-dakota-pijplijn-20859
  42. ↑ https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/abn-amro-stopt-financiering-dakota-access-pijpleiding~b82bbaa2/
  43. ↑ https://www.oxfamnovib.nl/nieuws/oxfam-novib-wil-uitleg-van-ing-over-dakota-pipeline
  44. ↑ https://eerlijkegeldwijzer.nl/bankwijzer/nieuws/2016/ing-abn-amro-trek-je-terug-uit-de-dakota-oliepijpleiding-en-luister-naar-de-sioux/
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 https://www.abnamro.com/en/news/abn-amro-accepted-settlement
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 https://www.ft.com/content/fd891e4d-8438-4887-82cd-096b3f248592
  47. ↑ https://carbonaccountingfinancials.com/
  48. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1olpiWHspce4AM7JExHm0a/b9dc3ce18d9f8a1e3fd5c5494c185733/ABN-AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2020.pdf
  49. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  50. ↑ https://www.accountingfor sustainability.org/en/knowledge-hub/case-studies/abn-amro-measuring-reporting-steering-financed-emissions.html
  51. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/download-centre
  52. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/reporting
  53. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3S73vkPad65m2F5cRJqE41/ec39b431311297336fb420c869346309/ABN_AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2019.pdf
  54. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  55. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3S73vkPad65m2F5cRJqE41/ec39b431311297336fb420c869346309/ABN_AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2019.pdf
  56. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/3S73vkPad65m2F5cRJqE41/ec39b431311297336fb420c869346309/ABN_AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2019.pdf
  57. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1olpiWHspce4AM7JExHm0a/b9dc3ce18d9f8a1e3fd5c5494c185733/ABN-AMRO_Non-financial_data_and_Engagement_2020.pdf
  58. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/reporting
  59. ↑ https://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/product/reporting
  60. ↑ https://climate-laws.org/geographies/france/laws/law-no-2015-992-on-energy-transition-for-green-growth-energy-transition-law
  61. ↑ https://climate-laws.org/geographies/france/laws/law-no-2019-1147-on-energy-and-the-climate
  62. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
  63. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
  64. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
  65. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  66. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
  67. ↑ https://downloads.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/62067Em47HIFTg3hGxdQHY/3fcd6a3ac35ba44be18fad01cc84b7c0/ABN_AMRO_____Integrated_Annual_Report_2021.pdf
  68. ↑ https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/publication/17247.pdf
  69. ↑ https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.library.uu.nl/science/article/pii/S0006320721002767
  70. ↑ https://www.accountingforsustainability.org/en/index.html
  71. ↑ https://www.nvb.nl/english/50-financial-institutions-sign-up-for-climate-goals/
  72. ↑ https://equator-principles.com/about-the-equator-principles/
  73. ↑ https://www.globalmaritimeforum.org/getting-to-zero-coalition/
  74. ↑ https://carbonaccountingfinancials.com/about
  75. ↑ https://www.poseidonprinciples.org/finance/about/
  76. ↑ https://sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action/
  77. ↑ https://gallery.mailchimp.com/7c79c1a3f0cd9992392724f59/files/b95b5c7d-2fc3-4bd9-b98f-10e54725ac31/Spitsbergen_Expeditie_2018_LR.02.pdf?utm_source=Perscontacten+van+Bernice+Notenboom&utm_campaign=9f4c4b35d6-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_04_27_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f785d8812e-9f4c4b35d6-41960951
  78. ↑ https://www.sdgnederland.nl/
  79. ↑ https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/about/
  80. ↑ https://www.unepfi.org/banking/bankingprinciples/
  81. ↑ https://www.unpri.org/
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/2zR80rifcwjQsML9vP5XFQ/6dbe49127fd5d34dec98115e2fbde240/ABN_AMRO_Guiding_a_Bank-s_Portfolio_to_Paris.pdf
  83. ↑ https://assets.ctfassets.net/1u811bvgvthc/1hMcIthu6hTH8Nhhh4UN21/2c166e5695c88af1de2c002c89b43a67/ABN_AMRO_Climate_Statement.pdf
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