Yara

From Bedrijven
Revision as of 12:45, 12 May 2022 by LoisMarkusse (talk | contribs)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Yara
Bedrijf Logo
Quick Facts
TypePublic
sectorFertilizer
Headquarters (Benelux Organization)Vlaardingen, Netherlands [1]
Year of Origin1929
Emissions (All Scopes)3,3 Megatons of CO2 (NL, 2020)
Total RevenueXXX
Stock ExchangeBijv. Tokio, Amsterdam
Key People
  • Michael Schlaug (CEO Yara Sluiskil)
  • Gijsbrecht Gunter (Manager of External Affairs & Communication Yara Sluiskil)
Number of EmployeesXXX
Subsidiaries
  • In the Netherlands, Yara exists of Yara Sluiskil and Yara Vlaardingen.

Yara is a wellknown international company active in the business of fertilizers. The focus of this page is the Dutch branch of Yara. In the Netherlands, Yara is located in Sluiskil and in Vlaardingen. Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in North-western Europe, and in Vlaardingen Yara mainly produces soluble fertilizers, potting soil fertilizers and liquid fertilizers. Where accessible, data from the Dutch locations is used. Where no information is available or information from the mothercompany is more relevant, this information is used. The facts on the right of the page are based on information from the Dutch plants only.

Yara International

The beginnings of Yara go back to 1905 in Norway.[2] Currently Yara operates an integrated business model with around 17,800 employees and operations in over 60 countries.[3] Yara claims to be the world’s leading fertilizer company and a provider of environmental solutions.[4] In 2021, Yara’s reported revenue was 16.6 billion USD and net income was 384 million USD.[3] Yara shares are traded at the Oslo Stock Exchange. Norwegian state owns most of the shares (36.2%). Norwegian private partners own 22.6%. The rest of the shares are primarily US or UK owned. Yara is headquartered in Oslo, Norway.

Yara Netherlands

Yara has seven subsidiaries that fall under the Dutch tax jurisdiction.[5] These different subsidiairies account for 848 employees. Combined they have a revenue of 1853 million USD and a profit before taxes of 426 million USD.

Yara has a plant in Sluiskil and a location in Vlaardingen.

Yara Sluiskil has been active since 1929 when it started producing ammoniumsulphate.[6] In 2015, Yara Sluiskil took up about 15% of the total production volume of the entire Yara company. Yara Sluiskil is the largest factory of articifial fertilizer in Northern Europe.[7] Yara Sluiskil employs 723 people[5] and in 2020 stated to process about 5 million tonnes of product on a yearly basis.[7] Yara claims to have reduced its CO2 emission from 2005 to 2015 by 60% while production increases by 1.5 million tonnes.[8] According to the 2021 country by country report of Yara, the revenue of Yara Sluiskil was 1596 million USD and the profit before taxes is 105 millions USD.[5]

These numbers deviate largely from the numbers circulating in the press. De Groene Amsterdammer published in 2018 that Yara Sluiskil had a revenue of 730 million EUR with a profit of only 33 million EUR. [9]

Yara Vlaardingen produces water soluble fertilizers, potting soil fertilizers and liquid fertilizers targeting the fertigation segment. [10] Also the marketing offices and commercial teams are located in Vlaardingen. [11] Information on Yara Vlaardingen is very limited. There is no information available about remuneration of the direction or balance sheet value of Yara Netherlands.

According to the country by country report of Yara, the revenue of the different branches in the Netherlands was combined 1,028 billion USD. Profit before taxes is 2.1 billion USD. [12] The profit is twice the revenue. Suspected is some tax structures are applied here.

Company Structure

Yara International

Yara is 50% owner of Yara Pilbara Nitrates Pty Ltd (Australia), 49% owner of Trinidad Nitrogen Co. Litd. (Trinidad) and 68% ownership of Yara Freeport LLC DBA Texas Ammonia (USA). [13] Yara has a non-controlling interest in Yara Dallol (Netherlands). [14]

Yara Netherlands

The Yara group consists of 127 legal entities [15] Yara Nederland B.V. is the main parents to 15 of these legal entities. Next to that Yara Holding Netherlands B.V. is also registered in the Netherlands. [16]

The information below on board of directors and supervisory board is all data from the mothercompany. There is very limited information on the directors of the Dutch branches.

Board of Directors Yara International

Yara Group Executive Board
Name Function Remuneration x1000 EUR
Svein Tore Holsether Chief Executive Officer & President 720
Tove Anderson Europe 378
Pål Hestad Global Plants & Operational Excellence 187
Lars Røsæg Chief Financial Officer 187
Kristine Ryssdal Legal & HR 350
Terje Knutsen Farming Solutions 355
Pablo Barrera Lopez Communication & Procurement 350
Chrystel Monthean Americas 193
Fernanda Lopes Larsen Africa & Asia 80

These numbers exclude share-based remuneration and other benefits. [17]

Yara International Board of Directors

Yara Board of Directors
Name Function Remuneration x1000 EUR
Trond Berger Chair 773
Kimberley Lein-Mathisen Vice-chair 40
Rune Bratteberg Member 48
Håkon Reistad Fure Member 44
Ragnhild Flesland Høimyr Member 24
Øystein J. Kostøl Member 24
Adele Bugge Norman Pran Member 53
Geir O. Sundbø Member 44
John Thuestad Member 56
Brigitte Ringstad Vartdal Member 29

These number exclude compensation in shares and dividend. [18]

Yara Netherlands

Michael Schlaug is the general director of Yara Sluiskil. [19] Gijsbrecht Gunter is the manager of external affairs and communicaion for Yara Sluiskil. [20] No other information on the direction of Yara Sluiskil or Yara Netherlands can be found online.

Accountant

Deloitte is the independent auditor of Yara, both the parents company as well as most of the subsidiaries. [21]

Main Activities

Yara is the worlds leading fertilizer company. One of Yara's main ingredients is ammoniak. This is a very high energy-consuming production process. [22]

Government

The state of Norway and several Norwegian pensionfunds are the main shareholders of Yara International. [23] As far as publicly known, the Dutch government has no direct financial ties to Yara International nor Yara Netherlands. The Dutch government has influence on Yara through the environmental laws in place. The Dutch and European legislators can and already have an impact on Yara's governance through ETS (Emissions Trading System) and complimentary Dutch CO2 taxation system.

Paris Agreement until Today

What has company done or refused to do since the Climate Accord of Paris? Per company, where applicable refer to research on the benefits of fossil companies in the form of subisidies etc.

Financial Results since 2015

This tabel is meant to indicate that the companies have plenty of money to make their company more sustainable. Clearly distinguish between Dutch data and international data.

Yara International

Financial situation
Year Revenue Profit Dividend
2015 [24] 111.9 billion NOK 8.5 billion NOK 3.6 billion NOK
2016 [25] 97.2 billion NOK 6.3 billion NOK 4.1 billion NOK
2017 [26] 93.8 billion NOK 4 billion NOK 2.7 billion NOK
2018 [27] 13 billion USD 141 million USD 219 million USD
2019 [28] 12.9 billion USD 589 million USD 203 million USD
2020 [29] 11.7 billion USD 690 million USD 926 million USD
2021[30] 16.6 billion USD 384 million USD 1,215 million USD

Scandals and controversies

To be added.

Current Emissions

Yara International

‘’Planet’’ is weighed for 25% in the performance indicators based on which remuneration of the board executives is decided. [31]

Yara is well positioned to meet its reduction target of 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Yara has the ambition to reduce scope 1 & 2 emissions by 30% in 2030. For scope 3 emissions, Yara awaits a sectoral approach for the entire industry. [32]

Yara sees opportunities in clean ammonia. Yara wants to be a key player in the hydrogen economy. [33] Yara is a partner in the Science Based Targets initiative [34]

Yara’s emissions worlwide for scope 1 & 2 are reported at 17.7 million tonnes. [35] Yara has the ambition to become climate neutral by 2050. [36] 800000 tonnes CO2 reduction. [37] In 2020, Yara’s GHG emissions totalled 71.1 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) for scopes 1, 2, and 3 combined. [38]

Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO2-eq.)
Year Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3

(purchased fuels and raw materials)

Scope 3

(transport upstream and downstream)

Scope 3

(use of fertilizer)

Total
2015 Unknown Unknown Unknown ...
2016 Unknown Unknown Unknown ...
2017 Unknown Unknown Unknown ...
2018 Unknown Unknown Unknown ...
2019 Unknown Unknown ...
2020 Unknown Unknown Unknown ...
2021[39] 16.5 3 8.6 2.6 46.6 77.3

Yara Netherlands

Yara Sluiskil is the largest fertilizer plant in North-western Europe. Their main ingredient is ammoniak, of which the production costs a lot of energy. 70% of the costs of Yara Sluiskil are electricity costs. [40] Due to the high gas prices, Yara had to cut 40% of its production at the end of 2021. This was the case for the plant in the Netherlands as well as in other countries. [41]

Yara Sluiskil has come from 5.8 megaton in 1990 to 3.6 megaton in 2018. 1.4 megaton is reused, so the netto emission is 2.2 megaton. In this line they have halved their emissions since 1990. However, the chemical sector is still one of the largest polluting sectors in the Netherlands. [42] In 2020, the bruto emissions for Yara Sluiskil were 3.3 megatonnes. Critics say Yara had taken the easy steps to get tot his reduction. For example by reducing emissions of NOx. Yara states that a lot of their emissions is reused and can therefore not be accounted to them. [43]

Despite Yara’s slogan ‘’Responsibly feed the world and protect the planet’’ they are high-ranking on multiple lists of large polluters. They are the fourth largest CO2 emitter in the Netherlands with 2.5 megatonnes, number 13 on NOx (824,000 kilo), number 2 on N2O (824,000 kilo) and number 1 for NH3 (504,000 kilo)(reported in 2019). [44]

Total emissions since 2015 ( in megatonnes CO2-eq.)
Year Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total
2015 [45] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.7
2016 [46] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.7
2017 [47] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.8
2018 [48] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.6
2019 [49] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.5
2020 [50] Unknown Unknown Unknown 3.3
2021 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Yara only delivers a graph of their emissions in their Dutch sustainability report. There is no report per scope. Data from 2015 - 2018 is from a government report. Yara International reports emissions per scope, but does not specify per location so no data for Yara Netherlands can be deducted from the annual reports.

Climate Policy and Plans

Yara international

Yara's ambition, as reported in their 2021 sustainability report, is to become climate neutral by 2050.[39] The intermediate targets to reach this goal are reducing by 2025 their carbon intensity (emissions in ton CO2e/ton N) by 10% or more relative to 2018, and reducing by 2030 their absolute scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 30% or more relative to 2019.

The strategic pillars to reach these goals are accelerating operational excellence and expanding commercial reach and offering. [51] However, subsidiaries and daughter companies are left out of these goals. [52]

Yara claims to contribute along two main avenues: reducing greenhouse gas emissions from our own operations and offering and exploring new, sustainable solutions for farmers and food companies as well as for a clean hydrogen and ammonia-based economy. [53]

Performance measures for the climate goals of Yara are increasing the amount of hectares under management to 150 million (2025), reduction of GHG emissions intensity to 2.7 ton CO2 per tonne nitrogen (2025), reduce absolute scope 1 and 2 emission by 30 percent in 2030, reduce energy intensity (2023). [54]

Yara plans to optimize energy efficiency in ammonia production, as this accounts for 80 percent of direct GHG emissions. Plan is to undertake regular interna land external benchmarking activities, and by carrying out efficiency diagnosis and audits, resulting in systematic improvement actions. However, benchmarks have proven that Yara’s plans are already 2.0 percentage points better dan the 2016-2017 global average. [55]

Yara aims to have all major production sites certified to ISO 50001 Energy Management standard by 2022. [56].

Having reduced our GHG emissions by 45% since 2005, we are well-positioned to meet the EU 55% reduction target. [57]

Yara Netherlands

Yara has developed a climate roadmap to reduce net-emissions from 1.9 megaton (2020) to 0.7 megaton in 2030. Projects in this roadmap are reducing the rest of NOx emissions, reuse of heat, replacing gas turbines with electrical turbines, differentiating steam and electricity balance in factories, capture and making CO2 liquid to store in empty gas fields. Yara also wants to use more CO2 in their endproducts. [58]

The climate roadmap has three main tracks:[59]

  • Track 1: Change and renew existing installations (-0.5 megaton)
  • Track 2: Carbon capture and Storage (CCS) (-0.7 megaton)
  • Track 3: Green Hydrogen (-0.1 megaton)

Yara Sluiskil plans to reduce emissions to zero by 2050. [60]

Yara Sluiskil claims to have reduced their CO2 footprint by 60% from 2005 to 2015, while increasing production by 1.5 million tonnes. [61] In cooperation with Zeeland Seaports, Yara delivers CO2 and heat to greenhouses in the proximity. Yara claims to reduce emissions by 0.135 Mtonnes by doing so [62] Current emissions are around 1.9 megatonnes netto, of which 1.4 mtonnes is Carbon Capture and Storage. Bruto GHG emissions are around 3.4 mtonnes. [63]

Yara claims the unrendable top of investment until 2030 is 1.5 billion euro’s. The price of prevented CO2 emissions per ton would be 60-80 euro’s. Yara claims this is a small price in comparison to for example the price of electrical vehicles. Yara also claims that their production is up to four times as efficient as Chinese producers and therefore they need help to become more sustainable [64]

Due Diligence

Keep the broader context in mind. Is the company integer when it comes to deforestation, palm oil, biodiversity, human rights etc etc? Be critical in the sources used here.

Conclusion

The Dutch branch of Yara is part of a large, influential global fertilizing company. The dutch branch of Yara makes up for a fair share of Yara’s total production and the production of fertilizers in general. Profit margins of the dutch production are small, but the mothercompany is financially healthy. Yara has reduces emissions since 1990 with nearly 60%, but is still one of the larger polluters in the Netherlands. Yara relies mainly on technological solutions and reuse of CO2 to reduce their emissions. The targets are in line with the Paris Agreement. Recent years however emissions only reduced slightly so reasonable effort is needed and expected to reduce emissions further.

References

  1. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/
  2. ↑ Yara. (n.d). History. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 on https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/our-history/
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  4. ↑ https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Yara. (n.d.) Yara Country-by-Country Report 2021. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022 from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  6. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/siteassets/over-yara/sluiskil/yara-sluiskil-general-presentation.pdf/
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Yara Sluiskil. (n.d.) Duurzaamheidsmagazine 2020. Retrieved on 12 May, 2022, from https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/downloads/
  8. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/
  9. ↑ https://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer
  10. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-vlaardingen/
  11. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/
  12. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-country-by-country-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 6
  13. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 155
  14. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 167
  15. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 211
  16. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 213
  17. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 203
  18. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 201
  19. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3
  20. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 20
  21. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 210
  22. ↑ https://www.yara.com/this-is-yara/
  23. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 70
  24. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2015/yara-annual-report-2015.pdf/
  25. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2016/yara_annual_report_en_web.pdf/
  26. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2017/yara-annual-report-2017-web.pdf/
  27. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2018/yara-annual-report-2018-web.pdf/
  28. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2019/yara-annual-report-2019-web.pdf/
  29. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/
  30. ↑ Yara. (2022) Yara Integrated Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  31. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 87
  32. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 21
  33. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 28
  34. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 35
  35. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 3
  36. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-integrated-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 21
  37. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 3
  38. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 55
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Yara. (2022). Yara Sustainability Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.yara.com/investor-relations/latest-annual-report/
  40. ↑ https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/
  41. ↑ https://www.omroepzeeland.nl/nieuws/14024045/yara-vermindert-ammoniakproductie-het-gas-is-onbetaalbaar
  42. ↑ https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-natuur/kunstmestfabriek-yara-in-het-zeeuwse-sluiskil-moet-als-broeikasbom-vergroenen-hoe-dan-ook~be96cc59/
  43. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
  44. ↑ https://www.groene.nl/artikel/te-veel-kunstmest-is-een-killer
  45. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12
  46. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf p. 12
  47. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf
  48. ↑ https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2019-decarbonisation-options-for-the-dutch-fertiliser-industry_3657.pdf
  49. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/siteassets/2200997-duurzaamheidsverslag.pdf/ p. 5
  50. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
  51. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 16
  52. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 19
  53. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 53
  54. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 54
  55. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57
  56. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 57
  57. ↑ https://www.yara.com/siteassets/investors/057-reports-and-presentations/annual-reports/2020/yara-sustainability-report-2020-web.pdf/ p. 93
  58. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
  59. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 3
  60. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4
  61. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/
  62. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/over-yara/yara-in-de-benelux/yara-sluiskil/over-yara-sluiskil/cuurzaamheid/
  63. ↑ https://www.yara.nl/contentassets/6ca92ab7997f4f3faa50fd9ada6d6855/2210781-duurzaamheidsverslagsite.pdf/ p. 4
  64. ↑ https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/yara-sluiskil-gaat-co2-uitstoot-terugdringen-maar-co2-blijft-ook-nodig-niemand-wil-plat-bier~aaf25af8/
Retrieved from "https://bedrijven.milieudefensie.nl/index.php?title=Yara&oldid=3470"